Library

Cadherins and Usher Syndrome

• Astuto, L. M., Bork, J. M., Weston, M. D., Askew, J. W., Fields, R. R., Orten, D. J., Ohliger, S. J., Riazuddin, S., Morell, R. J., Khan, S., Riazuddin, S., Kremer, H., van Hauwe, P., Moller, C. G., Cremers, C. W. R. J., Ayuso, C., Heckenlively, J. R., Rohrschneider, K., Spandau, U., … Kimberling, W. J. (2002). CDH23 mutation and phenotype heterogeneity: A profile of 107 diverse families with Usher syndrome and nonsyndromic deafness. American Journal of Human Genetics, 71(2), 262–275. https://doi.org/10.1086/341558

• Bolz, H., von Brederlow, B., Ramírez, A., Bryda, E. C., Kutsche, K., Nothwang, H. G., Seeliger, M., del C-Salcedó Cabrera, M., Vila, M. C., Molina, O. P., Gal, A., & Kubisch, C. (2001). Mutation of CDH23, encoding a new member of the cadherin gene family, causes Usher syndrome type 1D. Nature Genetics, 27(1), 108–112. https://doi.org/10.1038/83667

• Hawi, Z., Tong, J., Dark, C., Yates, H., Johnson, B., & Bellgrove, M. A. (2018). The role of cadherin genes in five major psychiatric disorders: A literature update. American Journal of Medical Genetics Part B: Neuropsychiatric Genetics, 177(2), 168–180. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajmg.b.32592

• Hoefsloot, L. H., Feenstra, I., Kunst, H. P. M., & Kremer, H. (2014). Genotype phenotype correlations for hearing impairment: Approaches to management. Clinical Genetics, 85(6), 514–523. https://doi.org/10.1111/cge.12339

• Miyagawa, M., Nishio, S., & Usami, S. (2012). Prevalence and clinical features of hearing loss patients with CDH23 mutations: A large cohort study. PLoS ONE, 7(8), e40366. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0040366

• Redies, C., Hertel, N., & Hübner, C. A. (2012). Cadherins and neuropsychiatric disorders. Brain Research, 1470, 130–144. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brainres.2012.06.020

• Sotomayor, M., Weihofen, W. A., Gaudet, R., & Corey, D. P. (2010). Structural determinants of cadherin-23 function in hearing and deafness. Neuron, 66(1), 85–100. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2010.03.028

• Stark, T. A., McKinney, A. M., Palmer, C. S., Maisel, R. H., & Truwit, C. L. (2009). Dilation of the subarachnoid spaces surrounding the cranial nerves with petrous apex cephaloceles in usher syndrome. American Journal of Neuroradiology, 30(2), 434–436. https://doi.org/10.3174/ajnr.A1283

• Takahashi, S., Mui, V. J., Rosenberg, S. K., Homma, K., Cheatham, M. A., & Zheng, J. (2016). Cadherin 23-C regulates microtubule networks by modifying CAMSAP3’s function. Scientific Reports, 6(1), 28706. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep28706

• Tsukada, K., Nishio, S., Takumi, Y., & Usami, S. (2024). Comparison of vestibular function in hereditary hearing loss patients with GJB2, CDH23, and SLC26A4 variants. Scientific Reports, 14(1), 10596. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-61442-3

• Usami, S.-I., Isaka, Y., Miyagawa, M., & Nishio, S.-Y. (2022). Variants in CDH23 cause a broad spectrum of hearing loss: From non-syndromic to syndromic hearing loss as well as from congenital to age-related hearing loss. Human Genetics, 141(3–4), 903–914. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00439-022-02431-2

• Vanniya. S, P., Srisailapathy, C. R. S., & Kunka Mohanram, R. (2018). The tip link protein cadherin-23: From hearing loss to cancer. Pharmacological Research, 130, 25–35. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phrs.2018.01.026

• Zhao, T., Ma, P., Zhao, F., Zheng, T., Yan, B., Zhang, Q., Yuan, J., Hu, B., Yang, Y., Hu, J., Geng, R., Hu, B. H., Sun, T., Zheng, Q. Y., & Li, B. (2021). Phenotypic differences in the inner ears of CBA/CaJ and C57BL/6J mice carrying missense and single base pair deletion mutations in the CHD23 gene. Journal of Neuroscience Research, 99(10), 2743–2758. https://doi.org/10.1002/jnr.24905

Headache, Migraine, and Facial Pain

• 7.2.2 Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) fistula headache. (n.d.). ICHD-3. Retrieved September 2, 2026, from https://ichd-3.org/7-headache-attributed-to-non-vascular-intracranial-disorder/7-2-headache-attributed-to-low-cerebrospinal-fluid-pressure/7-2-2-csf-fistula-headache/

• A1.6.6 Vestibular migraine. (n.d.). ICHD-3. Retrieved September 2, 2026, from https://ichd-3.org/appendix/a1-migraine/a1-6-episodic-syndromes-that-may-be-associated-with-migraine/a1-6-6-vestibular-migraine/

• Abu-Arafeh, I., Hershey, A. D., Diener, H.-C., Tassorelli, C., & on behalf of the Clinical Trials Standing Committee and the Child and Adolescent Standing Committee of the International Headache Society. (2019). Guidelines of the International Headache Society for controlled trials of preventive treatment of migraine in children and adolescents, 1st edition. Cephalalgia, 39(7), 803–816. https://doi.org/10.1177/0333102419842188

• Aleksovska, K., Hershey, A. D., Deen, M., De Icco, R., Lee, M. J., & Diener, H.-C. (2023). Efficacy and safety of monoclonal antibodies targeting CGRP in migraine prevention. GRADE tables elaborated by the ad hoc working group of the International Headache Society. Cephalalgia, 43(10), 03331024231206162. https://doi.org/10.1177/03331024231206162

• Ashina, H., Diener, H.-C., Tassorelli, C., Scher, A. I., Lipton, R. B., Pozo-Rosich, P., Sinclair, A. J., Chong, C. D., Finkel, A. G., Ashina, M., Schwedt, T. J., Dodick, D. W., & Terwindt, G. M. (2024). Guidelines of the International Headache Society for controlled trials of pharmacological preventive treatment for persistent post-traumatic headache attributed to mild traumatic brain injury. Cephalalgia, 44(3), 03331024241234068. https://doi.org/10.1177/03331024241234068

• Bendtsen, L., Bigal, M., Cerbo, R., Diener, H., Holroyd, K., Lampl, C., Mitsikostas, D., Steiner, T., & Tfelt-Hansen, P. (2010). Guidelines for controlled trials of drugs in tension-type headache: Second edition. Cephalalgia, 30(1), 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2982.2009.01948.x

• Callen, A. L., & Jenkins, K. (2026). Imaging and physiology across the high–low cerebrospinal fluid pressure spectrum: Navigating diagnostic uncertainty in headache practice. Headache: The Journal of Head and Face Pain, 66(6), 1405–1418. https://doi.org/10.1111/head.70096

• Cook, C., Freeman, M. C., Ailani, J., Ehrlich, A., Grosberg, B., Kabbouche, M., Moriarty, M., Secora, K., VanderPluym, J., Klein, B., Birlea, M., & the American Headache Society Board of Directors. (2026). Towards a standardized process of onboarding advanced practice providers into headache medicine practices in the United States: Expert consensus from the American Headache Society practice management committee. Headache: The Journal of Head and Face Pain, 66(2), 502–510. https://doi.org/10.1111/head.70038

• Diener, H. C., Ashina, M., Durand-Zaleski, I., Kurth, T., Lantéri-Minet, M., Lipton, R. B., Ollendorf, D. A., Pozo-Rosich, P., Tassorelli, C., & Terwindt, G. (2021). Health technology assessment for the acute and preventive treatment of migraine: A position statement of the International Headache Society. Cephalalgia, 41(3), 279–293. https://doi.org/10.1177/0333102421989247

• Diener, H.-C., Tassorelli, C., Dodick, D. W., Silberstein, S. D., Lipton, R. B., Ashina, M., Becker, W. J., Ferrari, M. D., Goadsby, P. J., Pozo-Rosich, P., Wang, S.-J., Houle, T. T., Hoek, T. C. V. D., Martinelli, D., Terwindt, G. M., & on behalf of the International Headache Society Clinical Trials Committee. (2020). Guidelines of the International Headache Society for controlled trials of preventive treatment of migraine attacks in episodic migraine in adults. Cephalalgia, 40(10), 1026–1044. https://doi.org/10.1177/0333102420941839

• Diener, H.-C., Tassorelli, C., Dodick, D. W., Silberstein, S. D., Lipton, R. B., Ashina, M., Becker, W. J., Ferrari, M. D., Goadsby, P. J., Pozo-Rosich, P., Wang, S.-J., Mandrekar, J., & on behalf of the International Headache Society Clinical Trials Standing Committee. (2019). Guidelines of the International Headache Society for controlled trials of acute treatment of migraine attacks in adults: Fourth edition. Cephalalgia, 39(6), 687–710. https://doi.org/10.1177/0333102419828967

• Ducros, A., & Biousse, V. (2015). Headache arising from idiopathic changes in CSF pressure. The Lancet Neurology, 14(6), 655–668. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1474-4422(15)00015-0

• Goadsby, P. J., Evers, S., Gelfand, A. A., Lipton, R. B., May, A., Pozo-Rosich, P., Schoenen, J., Schwedt, T. J., Tassorelli, C., Terwindt, G., & Wang, S.-J. (2024). International Classification of Headache Disorders-4 – Work in progress. Cephalalgia, 44(2), 03331024241233937. https://doi.org/10.1177/03331024241233937

• Headache Classification Committee of the International Headache Society (IHS) The International Classification of Headache Disorders, 3rd edition. (2018). Cephalalgia, 38(1), 1–211. https://doi.org/10.1177/0333102417738202

• International Classification of Orofacial Pain, 1st edition (ICOP). (2020). Cephalalgia, 40(2), 129–221. https://doi.org/10.1177/0333102419893823

• International Headache Society Clinical Trials Subcommittee members:, Tfelt-Hansen, P., Pascual, J., Ramadan, N., Dahlöf, C., D’Amico, D., Diener, H.-C., Hansen, J. M., Lanteri-Minet, M., Loder, E., McCrory, D., Plancade, S., & Schwedt, T. (2012). Guidelines for controlled trials of drugs in migraine: Third edition. A guide for investigators. Cephalalgia, 32(1), 6–38. https://doi.org/10.1177/0333102411417901

• International Headache Society Clinical Trials Subcommittee, Tfelt-Hansen, P., Block, G., Dahlöf, C., Diener, H.-C., Ferrari, M., Goadsby, P., Guidetti, V., Jones, B., Lipton, R., Massiou, H., Meinert, C., Sandrini, G., Steiner, T., & Winter, P. (2000). Guidelines for controlled trials of drugs in migraine: Second edition. Cephalalgia, 20(9), 765–786. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1468-2982.2000.00117.x

• May, A. (2020). Facial Pain is coming home. Cephalalgia, 40(3), 227–228. https://doi.org/10.1177/0333102420908506

• Mollan, S. P., Fraser, C. L., Digre, K. B., Diener, H.-C., Lipton, R. B., Juhler, M., Miller, N. R., Pozo-Rosich, P., Togha, M., Brock, K., Dinkin, M. J., Chan, C. K. M., Tassorelli, C., Sinclair, A. J., Terwindt, G. M., & Jensen, R. H. (2023). Guidelines of the International Headache Society for controlled clinical trials in idiopathic intracranial hypertension. Cephalalgia, 43(8), 03331024231197118. https://doi.org/10.1177/03331024231197118

• Oskoui, M., Pringsheim, T., Holler-Managan, Y., Potrebic, S., Billinghurst, L., Gloss, D., Hershey, A. D., Licking, N., Sowell, M., Victorio, M. C., Gersz, E. M., Leininger, E., Zanitsch, H., Yonker, M., & Mack, K. (2019). Practice guideline update summary: Acute treatment of migraine in children and adolescents: Report of the Guideline Development, Dissemination, and Implementation Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology and the American Headache Society. Neurology, 93(11), 487–499. https://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.0000000000008095

• Potrebic, S., Tanveer, S., Becker, W. J., Burch, R., Cooke, L. J., Fenton, T., Fletcher, J. J., Gordon Perue, G. L., Hershey, A. D., Jackson, J. L., Kessel, S., Loder, E. W., Minen, M. T., Oskoui, M., Ramanan, V. K., Murren, M., Schwedt, T. J., Silberstein, S. D., Smith, D. B., … Pringsheim, T. (2026). Pharmacologic reatment for migraine prevention in adults practice guideline recommendations: Report of the AAN Guidelines Subcommittee and the American Headache Society. Neurology, 107(7), e214881. https://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.0000000000214881

• Pozo-Rosich, P., Van Veelen, N., Caronna, E., Vaghi, G., Torres-Ferrus, M., Van Der Arend, B. W. H., Goadsby, P. J., Ashina, M., Wang, S.-J., Diener, H.-C., Tassorelli, C., & Terwindt, G. M. (2025). Guidelines of the International Headache Society for real-world evidence studies in migraine and cluster headache. Cephalalgia, 45(3), 03331024251318016. https://doi.org/10.1177/03331024251318016

• Puledda, F., Sacco, S., Diener, H.-C., Ashina, M., Al-Khazali, H. M., Ashina, S., Burstein, R., Liebler, E., Cipriani, A., Chu, M. K., Cocores, A., Dodd-Glover, F., Ekizoğlu, E., Garcia-Azorin, D., Göbel, C. H., Goicochea, M. T., Hassan, A., Hirata, K., Hoffmann, J., … Tassorelli, C. (2024). International Headache Society global practice recommendations for preventive pharmacological treatment of migraine. Cephalalgia, 44(9), 03331024241269735. https://doi.org/10.1177/03331024241269735

• Sacco, S., Ashina, M., Diener, H.-C., Haghdoost, F., Lee, M. J., Monteith, T. S., Jenkins, B., Peres, M. F. P., Pozo-Rosich, P., Ornello, R., Puledda, F., Sakai, F., Schwedt, T. J., Terwindt, G., Vaghi, G., Wang, S.-J., Ahmed, F., & Tassorelli, C. (2025). Setting higher standards for migraine prevention: A position statement of the International Headache Society. Cephalalgia, 45(2), 03331024251320608. https://doi.org/10.1177/03331024251320608

• Schwedt, T. J., Tassorelli, C., Silberstein, S. D., Szperka, C. L., Kurth, T., Pozo-Rosich, P., Amin, F. M., Lipton, R. B., Dodick, D. W., Ashina, M., Diener, H.-C., & Terwindt, G. M. (2022). Guidelines of the international headache society for clinic-based headache registries, 1st edition. Cephalalgia, 42(11–12), 1099–1115. https://doi.org/10.1177/03331024221099035

• Silberstein, S. D., Holland, S., Freitag, F., Dodick, D. W., Argoff, C., & Ashman, E. (2012). Evidence-based guideline update: Pharmacologic treatment for episodic migraine prevention in adults: Report of the Quality Standards Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology and the American Headache Society. Neurology, 78(17), 1337–1345. https://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.0b013e3182535d20

• Silberstein, S., Tfelt-Hansen, P., Dodick, D., Limmroth, V., Lipton, R., Pascual, J., Wang, S., & for the Task Force of the International Headache Society Clinical Trials Subcommittee. (2008). Guidelines for controlled trials of prophylactic treatment of chronic migraine in adults. Cephalalgia, 28(5), 484–495. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2982.2008.01555.x

• Simpson, D. M., Hallett, M., Ashman, E. J., Comella, C. L., Green, M. W., Gronseth, G. S., Armstrong, M. J., Gloss, D., Potrebic, S., Jankovic, J., Karp, B. P., Naumann, M., So, Y. T., & Yablon, S. A. (2016). Practice guideline update summary: Botulinum neurotoxin for the treatment of blepharospasm, cervical dystonia, adult spasticity, and headache [RETIRED]: Report of the Guideline Development Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology. Neurology, 86(19), 1818–1826. https://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.0000000000002560

• Steiner, T. J. (2008). Ethical issues arising from commercial sponsorship and from relationships with the pharmaceutical industry—Report and recommendations of the Ethics Subcommittee of the International Headache Society. Cephalalgia, 28(3_suppl), 1–25. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2982.2007.01402.x

• Tassorelli, C., Diener, H.-C., Dodick, D. W., Silberstein, S. D., Lipton, R. B., Ashina, M., Becker, W. J., Ferrari, M. D., Goadsby, P. J., Pozo-Rosich, P., Wang, S.-J., & for the International Headache Society Clinical Trials Standing Committee. (2018). Guidelines of the International Headache Society for controlled trials of preventive treatment of chronic migraine in adults. Cephalalgia, 38(5), 815–832. https://doi.org/10.1177/0333102418758283

• Tassorelli, C., Diener, H.-C., Silberstein, S. D., Dodick, D. W., Goadsby, P. J., Jensen, R. H., Magis, D., Pozo-Rosich, P., Yuan, H., Martinelli, D., Hoek, T. V. D., Deen, M., Ashina, M., & Terwindt, G. M. (2021). Guidelines of the International Headache Society for clinical trials with neuromodulation devices for the treatment of migraine. Cephalalgia, 41(11–12), 1135–1151. https://doi.org/10.1177/03331024211010413

• Tfelt-Hansen, P., Bjarnason, N., Dahlöf, C., Derry, S., Loder, E., Massiou, H., & for the Task Force on Adverse Events in Migraine Trials of the Subcommittee on Clinical Trial of the International Headache Society. (2008). Evaluation and registration of adverse events in clinical drug trials in migraine. Cephalalgia, 28(7), 683–688. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2982.2008.01600.x

• The International Classification of Headache Disorders. (n.d.). ICHD-3. Retrieved September 2, 2026, from https://ichd-3.org/

• Valentine, M. J., Kramer, H. D., Kim, J., Pettinelli, N., & Hu, T. (2023). Heart break or headache: A case report of sumatriptan-induced takotsubo syndrome. Cureus. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.45990

Intracranial Hypertension ( IH)

• Baixauli, E. P. (n.d.). Investigation into the choroid plexus molecular mechanisms underlying idiopathic intracranial hypertension.

• Chen, B. S., Newman, N. J., & Biousse, V. (2021). Atypical presentations of idiopathic intracranial hypertension. Taiwan Journal of Ophthalmology, 11(1), 25–38. https://doi.org/10.4103/tjo.tjo_69_20

• Eide, P. K., Pripp, A. H., Ringstad, G., & Valnes, L. M. (2021). Impaired glymphatic function in idiopathic intracranial hypertension. Brain Communications, 3(2), fcab043. https://doi.org/10.1093/braincomms/fcab043

• Grech, O., Clouter, A., Mitchell, J. L., Alimajstorovic, Z., Ottridge, R. S., Yiangou, A., Roque, M., Tahrani, A. A., Nicholls, M., Taylor, A. E., Shaheen, F., Arlt, W., Lavery, G. G., Shapiro, K., Mollan, S. P., & Sinclair, A. J. (2021). Cognitive performance in idiopathic intracranial hypertension and relevance of intracranial pressure. Brain Communications, 3(3), fcab202. https://doi.org/10.1093/braincomms/fcab202

• Hashemizad, A., Dela Cruz, J., Narayan, A., & Maxwell, A. J. (2025). Hyperventilation during rest and exercise in orthostatic intolerance and Spiky-Leaky Syndrome. Frontiers in Neurology, 16, 1512671. https://doi.org/10.3389/fneur.2025.1512671

• Hepworth, E. J., Love, A. V., & Hartford, R. L. (2021). Intracranial hypertension secondary to venous outflow obstruction. Journal of Neurological Surgery Part B: Skull Base, 82(S 02), OD068. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0041-1725347

• Higgins, J., Garnett, M., Pickard, J., & Axon, P. (2016). An evaluation of styloidectomy as an adjunct or alternative to jugular stenting in idiopathic intracranial hypertension and disturbances of cranial venous outflow. Journal of Neurological Surgery Part B: Skull Base, 78(02), 158–163. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0036-1594238

• Higgins, J. N. P., Pickard, J. D., & Lever, A. M. L. (2017). Chronic fatigue syndrome and idiopathic intracranial hypertension: Different manifestations of the same disorder of intracranial pressure? Medical Hypotheses, 105, 6–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mehy.2017.06.014

• Higgins, N., Trivedi, R., Greenwood, R., & Pickard, J. (2015). Brain slump caused by jugular venous stenoses treated by stenting: A hypothesis to link spontaneous intracranial hypotension with idiopathic intracranial hypertension. Journal of Neurological Surgery Reports, 76(01), e188–e193. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0035-1555015

• Hornby, C., Mollan, S. P., Botfield, H., O’Reilly, M. W., & Sinclair, A. J. (2018). Metabolic concepts in idiopathic intracranial hypertension and their potential for therapeutic intervention. Journal of Neuro-Ophthalmology, 38(4), 522–530. https://doi.org/10.1097/WNO.0000000000000684

• Hulens, M., Rasschaert, R., Vansant, G., Stalmans, I., Bruyninckx, F., & Dankaerts, W. (2018). The link between idiopathic intracranial hypertension, fibromyalgia, and chronic fatigue syndrome: Exploration of a shared pathophysiology. Journal of Pain Research, Volume 11, 3129–3140. https://doi.org/10.2147/JPR.S186878

• Krajnc, N., Itariu, B., Macher, S., Marik, W., Harreiter, J., Michl, M., Novak, K., Wöber, C., Pemp, B., & Bsteh, G. (2023). Treatment with GLP-1 receptor agonists is associated with significant weight loss and favorable headache outcomes in idiopathic intracranial hypertension. The Journal of Headache and Pain, 24(1), 89. https://doi.org/10.1186/s10194-023-01631-z

• Kranz, P. G., Amrhein, T. J., Brinjikji, W., Callen, A. L., Carroll, I., Chazen, J. L., Cutsforth-Gregory, J., Friedman, D. I., Hutchins, T. A., Lehman, V. T., Madhavan, A. A., Mamlouk, M. D., Mark, I. T., Maya, M. M., Moser, F. G., Parikh, S. K., Schievink, W. I., Shah, L. M., Shah, V. N., … Jordan, J. E. (2025). Consensus guidelines on diagnostic brain and spine imaging of spontaneous intracranial hypotension. American Journal of Neuroradiology, 46(12), 2457–2467. https://doi.org/10.3174/ajnr.A9017

• Maxwell, A. J., & Wardly, D. (2024). The complex path to intracranial hypertension and CSF leak in those with hypermobility and dysautonomia; the theory of spiky-leaky syndrome. MAR Pediatrics, 05(03), 86.

• Mitchell, J. L., Mollan, S. P., Vijay, V., & Sinclair, A. J. (2019). Novel advances in monitoring and therapeutic approaches in idiopathic intracranial hypertension. Current Opinion in Neurology, 32(3), 422–431. https://doi.org/10.1097/WCO.0000000000000690

• Moes, K. (2026). “Just lose weight”: Weight-based medical bias and experiential expertise in intracranial hypertension. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 17. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2026.1785195

• Moes, K., & Kent, M. (2025). Rarely done, poorly utilised and tokenistic: Investigating the meaningful engagement of people with lived experience of intracranial hypertension in research about intracranial hypertension. Including Disability, 6. https://doi.org/10.51357/id.v6i.311

• Mollan, S. P., Tahrani, A. A., & Sinclair, A. J. (2021). The potentially modifiable risk factor in idiopathic intracranial hypertension: Body weight. Neurology Clinical Practice, 11(4). https://doi.org/10.1212/CPJ.0000000000001063

• Rees, J., Moes, K., Devine, A., Clark, M., Sambell, R., Laws, S., & Cruickshank, T. (2025). Co-design of a weekly meal box for neurological conditions: Findings from consumer and healthcare provider collaborative workshops. Health Expectations, 28(5), e70412. https://doi.org/10.1111/hex.70412

• Sattur, M. G., Amans, M., Fargen, K. M., Huisman, T. A. G. M., Brinjikji, W., Hui, F., Shingala, A., Vosler, P. S., Pereira, V. M., Hepworth, E., Dehdashti, A. R., Patsalides, A., Lo, S. L., & Spiotta, A. M. (2023). Angiographic evaluation of cranial venous outflow patterns in patients with and without idiopathic intracranial hypertension. Operative Neurosurgery, 24(1), e29–e35. https://doi.org/10.1227/ons.0000000000000413

• Sinclair, A. J., Markey, K. A., Uldall, M., Cato, L., Miah, M., Botfield, H., Gonzalez, A. M., Jensen, R., & Hassan-Smith, G. (2016). Idiopathic intracranial hypertension, hormones, and 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases. Journal of Pain Research, 223. https://doi.org/10.2147/JPR.S80824

• Yang, J.-W., Song, Q.-Y., Zhang, M.-X., Ai, J.-L., Wang, F., Kan, G.-H., Wu, B., & Zhu, S.-Q. (2022). Spaceflight-associated neuro-ocular syndrome: A review of potential pathogenesis and intervention. International Journal of Ophthalmology, 15(2), 336–341. https://doi.org/10.18240/ijo.2022.02.21

• Zhou, D., Meng, R., Zhang, X., Guo, L., Li, S., Wu, W., Duan, J., Song, H., Ding, Y., & Ji, X. (2018). Intracranial hypertension induced by internal jugular vein stenosis can be resolved by stenting. European Journal of Neurology, 25(2), 365. https://doi.org/10.1111/ene.13512

Melanocortin-4 Receptor Deficiency

• Argente, J., Clément, K., Duis, J., Farooqi, I. S., Kühnen, P., Miller, J. L., Roth, C. L., & van den Akker, E. (2025). Hyperphagia in rare melanocortin-4 receptor pathway diseases: Therapeutic options and assessing treatment response. Reviews in Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders, 26(6), 917–935. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11154-025-09984-3

• Besnier, E., Clavier, T., Tonon, M. C., Pelletier, G., Dureuil, B., Castel, H., & Compère, V. (2018). Anesthetic drugs modulate feeding behavior and hypothalamic expression of the POMC polypeptide precursor and the NPY neuropeptide. BMC Anesthesiology, 18(1), 96. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12871-018-0557-x

• Bhatnagar, P., Ahmad, N. N., Li, X., Coghlan, M., Kaplan, L. M., & Farooqi, I. S. (2025). Tirzepatide leads to weight reduction in people with obesity due to MC4R deficiency. Nature Medicine, 31(10), 3294–3296. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41591-025-03913-2

• Böhm, M., Wolff, I., Scholzen, T. E., Robinson, S. J., Healy, E., Luger, T. A., Schwarz, T., & Schwarz, A. (2005). α-Melanocyte-Stimulating Hormone protects from ultraviolet radiation-induced apoptosis and DNA damage. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 280(7), 5795–5802. https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M406334200

• Brouwers, B., De Oliveira, E. M., Marti-Solano, M., Monteiro, F. B. F., Laurin, S.-A., Keogh, J. M., Henning, E., Bounds, R., Daly, C. A., Houston, S., Ayinampudi, V., Wasiluk, N., Clarke, D., Plouffe, B., Bouvier, M., Babu, M. M., Farooqi, I. S., & Mokrosiński, J. (2021). Human MC4R variants affect endocytosis, trafficking and dimerization revealing multiple cellular mechanisms involved in weight regulation. Cell Reports, 34(12), 108862. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.celrep.2021.108862

• Bruschetta, G., Jin, S., Liu, Z.-W., Kim, J. D., & Diano, S. (2020). MC4R signaling in dorsal raphe nucleus controls feeding, anxiety, and depression. Cell Reports, 33(2), 108267. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.celrep.2020.108267

• Cai, S., Yang, Q., Hou, M., Han, Q., Zhang, H., Wang, J., Qi, C., Bo, Q., Ru, Y., Yang, W., Gu, Z., Wei, R., Cao, Y., Li, X., & Zhang, Y. (2018). Α-Melanocyte-Stimulating Hormone protects early diabetic retina from blood-retinal barrier breakdown and vascular leakage via MC4R. Cellular Physiology and Biochemistry, 45(2), 505–522. https://doi.org/10.1159/000487029

• Clemson, C. M., Yost, J., & Taylor, A. W. (2017). The role of alpha-MSH as a modulator of ocular immunobiology exemplifies mechanistic differences between melanocortins and steroids. Ocular Immunology and Inflammation, 25(2), 179–189. https://doi.org/10.3109/09273948.2015.1092560

• Coll, A. P. (2018). Monogenic obesity; using drugs to bypass the problem. Cell Metabolism, 28(1), 1–2. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmet.2018.06.015

• Copperi, F., Kim, J. D., & Diano, S. (2021). Role of the melanocortin system in the central regulation of cardiovascular functions. Frontiers in Physiology, 12, 725709. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2021.725709

• D’Agostino, G., & Diano, S. (2010). alpha-Melanocyte stimulating hormone: Production and degradation. Journal of Molecular Medicine, 88(12), 1195–1201. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00109-010-0651-0

• de Souza Cordeiro, L. M., Elsheikh, A., Devisetty, N., Morgan, D. A., Ebert, S. N., Rahmouni, K., & Chhabra, K. H. (2021). Hypothalamic MC4R regulates glucose homeostasis through adrenaline-mediated control of glucose reabsorption via renal GLUT2 in mice. Diabetologia, 64(1), 181–194. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00125-020-05289-z

• Decherf, S., Seugnet, I., Kouidhi, S., Lopez-Juarez, A., Clerget-Froidevaux, M.-S., & Demeneix, B. A. (2010). Thyroid hormone exerts negative feedback on hypothalamic type 4 melanocortin receptor expression. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 107(9), 4471–4476. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0905190107

• Do Carmo, J. M., Da Silva, A. A., Wang, Z., Fang, T., Aberdein, N., Perez De Lara, C. E., & Hall, J. E. (2017). Role of the brain melanocortins in blood pressure regulation. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Molecular Basis of Disease, 1863(10), 2508–2514. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbadis.2017.03.003

• Farooqi, I. S., Keogh, J. M., Yeo, G. S. H., Lank, E. J., Cheetham, T., & O’Rahilly, S. (2003). Clinical spectrum of obesity and mutations in the melanocortin 4 receptor gene. New England Journal of Medicine, 348(12), 1085–1095. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa022050

• Fatima, M. T., Ahmed, I., Fakhro, K. A., & Akil, A. S. A.-S. (2022). Melanocortin-4 receptor complexity in energy homeostasis,obesity and drug development strategies. Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism, 24(4), 583–598. https://doi.org/10.1111/dom.14618

• Gad, H., Dauleh, H., Pasha, M., Omer, I., Al-Barazenji, T., Alshafai, M., Malik, R. A., & Hussain, K. (n.d.). Early corneal nerve loss in children with melanocortin 4 receptor (MC4R) gene mutation related obesity.

• Gad, H., Mohammed, I., Dauleh, H., Pasha, M., Al-Barazenji, T., Hussain, K., & Malik, R. A. (2024). Case report: Nerve fiber regeneration in children with melanocortin 4 receptor gene mutation related obesity treated with semaglutide. Frontiers in Endocrinology, 15, 1385463. https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2024.1385463

• Gantz, I., Miwa, H., Konda, Y., Shimoto, Y., Tashiro, T., Watson, S. J., DelValle, J., & Yamada, T. (1993). Molecular cloning, expression, and gene localization of a fourth melanocortin receptor. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 268(20), 15174–15179. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9258(18)82452-8

• Gautron, L., Lee, C. E., Lee, S., & Elmquist, J. K. (2012). Melanocortin‐4 receptor expression in different classes of spinal and vagal primary afferent neurons in the mouse. Journal of Comparative Neurology, 520(17), 3933–3948. https://doi.org/10.1002/cne.23137

• Gava, F. N., Da Silva, A. A., Dai, X., Harmancey, R., Ashraf, S., Omoto, A. C. M., Salgado, M. C., Moak, S. P., Li, X., Hall, J. E., & Do Carmo, J. M. (2021). Restoration of cardiac function after myocardial infarction by long-term activation of the CNS leptin-melanocortin system. JACC: Basic to Translational Science, 6(1), 55–70. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacbts.2020.11.007

• Gooljar, S. B. (n.d.). Pharmacological therapies for monogenic obesity caused by MC4R dysfunction.

• Granell, S., Mohammad, S., Ramanagoudr-Bhojappa, R., & Baldini, G. (2010). Obesity-linked variants of melanocortin-4 receptor are misfolded in the endoplasmic reticulum and can be rescued to the cell surface by a chemical chaperone. Molecular Endocrinology, 24(9), 1805–1821. https://doi.org/10.1210/me.2010-0071

• Grieb, Z. A., Cross, E. A., & Albers, H. E. (2022). Alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (αMSH) modulates the rewarding properties of social interactions in an oxytocin receptor-dependent manner in Syrian hamsters (Mesocricetus Auratus). Physiology & Behavior, 252, 113828. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physbeh.2022.113828

• Herrera, G., Silvero C, M. J., Becerra, M. C., Lasaga, M., & Scimonelli, T. (2023). Modulatory role of α-MSH in hippocampal-dependent memory impairment, synaptic plasticity changes, oxidative stress, and astrocyte reactivity induced by short-term high-fat diet intake. Neuropharmacology, 239, 109688. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropharm.2023.109688

• Heyder, N. A., Kleinau, G., Speck, D., Schmidt, A., Zschunke, S., Szczepek, M., Bauer, B., Koch, A., Gallandi, M., Kwiatkowski, D., Bürger, J., Mielke, T., Beck-Sickinger, A. G., Hildebrand, P. W., Spahn, C. M. T., Hilger, D., Schacherl, M., Biebermann, H., Hilal, T., … Scheerer, P. (2021). Structures of active melanocortin-4 receptor–Gs-protein complexes with NDP-α-MSH and setmelanotide. Cell Research, 31(11), 1176–1189. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41422-021-00569-8

• Hoke, T., Torigoe, T., & Hui, F. (2025a). E-017 Melanocortin-4 receptor deficiency is associated with cerebral venous congestion and intracranial pressure disorders. Journal of NeuroInterventional Surgery, 17(Suppl 1), A102–A103. https://doi.org/10.1136/jnis-2025-SNIS.133

• Hoke, T., Torigoe, T., & Hui, F. (2025b). Melanocortin-4 receptor deficiency is associated with cerebral venous congestion and intracranial pressure disorders [Conference Presentation]. Society of NeuroInterventional Surgery Cerebral Venous and CSF Disorders Summit, Honolulu, HI, United States.

• Huang, X.-M., Yang, W.-C., Liu, Y., Tang, D.-R., Wu, T., & Sun, F.-Y. (2020). Mutations in MC4R facilitate the angiogenic activity in patients with orbital venous malformation. Experimental Biology and Medicine, 245(11), 956–963. https://doi.org/10.1177/1535370220919056

• Iepsen, E. W., Zhang, J., Thomsen, H. S., Hansen, E. L., Hollensted, M., Madsbad, S., Hansen, T., Holst, J. J., Holm, J.-C., & Torekov, S. S. (2018). Patients with obesity caused by melanocortin-4 receptor mutations can be treated with a glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist. Cell Metabolism, 28(1), 23-32.e3. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmet.2018.05.008

• Krashes, M. J., Lowell, B. B., & Garfield, A. S. (2016). Melanocortin-4 receptor–regulated energy homeostasis. Nature Neuroscience, 19(2), 206–219. https://doi.org/10.1038/nn.4202

• Krause, W. C., Rodriguez, R., Gegenhuber, B., Matharu, N., Rodriguez, A. N., Padilla-Roger, A. M., Toma, K., Herber, C. B., Correa, S. M., Duan, X., Ahituv, N., Tollkuhn, J., & Ingraham, H. A. (2021). Oestrogen engages brain MC4R signalling to drive physical activity in female mice. Nature, 599(7883), 131–135. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-021-04010-3

• Kühnen, P., & Clément, K. (2022). Long-term MC4R agonist treatment in POMC-deficient patients. New England Journal of Medicine, 387(9), 852–854. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMc2207442

• Li, H., Xu, Y., Jiang, Y., Jiang, Z., Otiz-Guzman, J., Morrill, J. C., Cai, J., Mao, Z., Xu, Y., Arenkiel, B. R., Huang, C., & Tong, Q. (2023). The melanocortin action is biased toward protection from weight loss in mice. Nature Communications, 14(1), 2200. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-023-37912-z

• Li, L., Liang, J., Zhang, C., Liu, T., & Zhang, C. (2023). Peripheral actions and direct central–local communications of melanocortin 4 receptor signaling. Journal of Sport and Health Science, 12(1), 45–51. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jshs.2021.02.001

• Lisak, R., & Benjamins, J. (2017). Melanocortins, melanocortin receptors and multiple sclerosis. Brain Sciences, 7(8), 104. https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci7080104

• Litt, M. J., Okoye, G. D., Lark, D., Cakir, I., Moore, C., Barber, M. C., Atkinson, J., Fessel, J., Moslehi, J., & Cone, R. D. (2017). Loss of the melanocortin-4 receptor in mice causes dilated cardiomyopathy. eLife, 6, e28118. https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.28118

• Loos, R. J. F., & Yeo, G. S. H. (2022). The genetics of obesity: From discovery to biology. Nature Reviews. Genetics, 23(2), 120–133. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41576-021-00414-z

• Manna, S. K., & Aggarwal, B. B. (1998). α-Melanocyte-Stimulating Hormone Inhibits the Nuclear Transcription Factor NF-κB Activation Induced by Various Inflammatory Agents. The Journal of Immunology, 161(6), 2873–2880. https://doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.161.6.2873

• Mastinu, A., Premoli, M., Maccarinelli, G., Grilli, M., Memo, M., & Bonini, S. A. (2018). Melanocortin 4 receptor stimulation improves social deficits in mice through oxytocin pathway. Neuropharmacology, 133, 366–374. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropharm.2018.02.007

• Metzger, P. J., Zhang, A., Carlson, B. A., Sun, H., Cui, Z., Li, Y., Jahnke, M. T., Layton, D. R., Gupta, M. B., Liu, N., Kostenis, E., Gavrilova, O., Chen, M., & Weinstein, L. S. (n.d.). A human obesity-associated MC4R mutation with defective Gq/11α signaling leads to hyperphagia in mice. The Journal of Clinical Investigation, 134(4), e165418. https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI165418

• Mori, K., Okuma, H., Nakamura, S., Uchinuma, H., Kaga, S., Nakajima, H., Ogawa, Y., & Tsuchiya, K. (2023). Melanocortin-4 receptor in macrophages attenuated angiotensin II-induced abdominal aortic aneurysm in mice. Scientific Reports, 13(1), 19768. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-46831-4

• Moscowitz, A. E., Asif, H., Lindenmaier, L. B., Calzadilla, A., Zhang, C., & Mirsaeidi, M. (2019). The importance of melanocortin receptors and their agonists in pulmonary disease. Frontiers in Medicine, 6, 145. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmed.2019.00145

• Namjou, B., Stanaway, I. B., Lingren, T., Mentch, F. D., Benoit, B., Dikilitas, O., Niu, X., Shang, N., Shoemaker, A. H., Carey, D. J., Mirshahi, T., Singh, R., Nestor, J. G., Hakonarson, H., Denny, J. C., Crosslin, D. R., Jarvik, G. P., Kullo, I. J., Williams, M. S., & Harley, J. B. (2021). Evaluation of the MC4R gene across eMERGE network identifies many unreported obesity-associated variants. International Journal of Obesity, 45(1), 155–169. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41366-020-00675-4

• Naser, A. A., Miyazaki, T., Wang, J., Takabayashi, S., Pachoensuk, T., & Tokumoto, T. (2021). MC4R mutant mice develop ovarian teratomas. Scientific Reports, 11(1), 3483. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-83001-w

• Newman, E. A., Chai, B., Zhang, W., & Mulholland, M. W. (2006). Melanocortin-4 receptor activation mobilizes intracellular calcium and stimulates mitogen-activated kinase in GT1-1 cells. Journal of Surgical Research, 130(2), 172. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jss.2005.11.033

• Oya, M., Miyasaka, Y., Nakamura, Y., Tanaka, M., Suganami, T., Mashimo, T., & Nakamura, K. (2024). Age-related ciliopathy: Obesogenic shortening of melanocortin-4 receptor-bearing neuronal primary cilia. Cell Metabolism, 36(5), 1044-1058.e10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmet.2024.02.010

• Paisdzior, S., Dimitriou, I. M., Schöpe, P. C., Annibale, P., Scheerer, P., Krude, H., Lohse, M. J., Biebermann, H., & Kühnen, P. (2020). Differential signaling profiles of MC4R mutations with three different ligands. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 21(4), 1224. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21041224

• Reininghaus, N., Paisdzior, S., Höpfner, F., Jyrch, S., Cetindag, C., Scheerer, P., Kühnen, P., & Biebermann, H. (2022). A setmelanotide-like effect at MC4R is achieved by MC4R dimer separation. Biomolecules, 12(8), 1119. https://doi.org/10.3390/biom12081119

• René, P., Lanfray, D., Richard, D., & Bouvier, M. (2021). Pharmacological chaperone action in humanized mouse models of MC4R-linked obesity. JCI Insight, 6(4), e132778. https://doi.org/10.1172/jci.insight.132778

• René, P., Le Gouill, C., Pogozheva, I. D., Lee, G., Mosberg, H. I., Farooqi, I. S., Valenzano, K. J., & Bouvier, M. (2010). Pharmacological chaperones restore function to MC4R mutants responsible for severe early-onset obesity. The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, 335(3), 520–532. https://doi.org/10.1124/jpet.110.172098

• Rinne, P., Penttinen, A.-M., Nordlund, W., Ahotupa, M., & Savontaus, E. (2013). α-MSH analogue attenuates blood pressure elevation in DOCA-salt hypertensive mice. PLoS ONE, 8(8), e72857. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0072857

• Robinson, K. C., Kemény, L. V., Fell, G. L., Hermann, A. L., Allouche, J., Ding, W., Yekkirala, A., Hsiao, J. J., Su, M. Y., Theodosakis, N., Kozak, G., Takeuchi, Y., Shen, S., Berenyi, A., Mao, J., Woolf, C. J., & Fisher, D. E. (2021). Reduced MC4R signaling alters nociceptive thresholds associated with red hair. Science Advances, 7(14), eabd1310. https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd1310

• Rodríguez Rondón, A. V., Welling, M. S., Van Den Akker, E. L. T., Van Rossum, E. F. C., Boon, E. M. J., Van Haelst, M. M., Delhanty, P. J. D., & Visser, J. A. (2024). MC4R variants modulate α-MSH and setmelanotide induced cellular signaling at multiple levels. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, 109(10), 2452–2466. https://doi.org/10.1210/clinem/dgae210

• Roubert, P., Dubern, B., Plas, P., Lubrano-Berthelier, C., Alihi, R., Auger, F., Deoliveira, D. B., Dong, J. Z., Basdevant, A., Thurieau, C., & Clément, K. (2010). Novel pharmacological MC4R agonists can efficiently activate mutated MC4R from obese patient with impaired endogenous agonist response. Journal of Endocrinology, 207(2), 177–183. https://doi.org/10.1677/JOE-09-0336

• Serbis, A., Kantza, E., Garoufou, M., Christou, M., Siomou, E., & Tigas, S. (2026). Genetic determinants of obesity: Mechanisms, clinical implications, and targeted therapies. Endocrine, 91(1), 227. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12020-026-04696-3

• Serre, C., Busuttil, V., & Botto, J. ‐M. (2018). Intrinsic and extrinsic regulation of human skin melanogenesis and pigmentation. International Journal of Cosmetic Science, 40(4), 328–347. https://doi.org/10.1111/ics.12466

• Shikdar, N., & Alghamdi, F. (2021). Influence of selective melanocortin-4 receptor antagonist HS014 on hypersensitivity after nervous system injuries in a model of rat neuropathic pain: A narrative review of the literature. Cureus. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.17681

• Singh, M., & Mukhopadhyay, K. (2014). Alpha-Melanocyte Stimulating Hormone: An Emerging Anti-Inflammatory Antimicrobial Peptide. BioMed Research International, 2014, 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/874610

• Sohn, J.-W., Harris, L. E., Berglund, E. D., Liu, T., Vong, L., Lowell, B. B., Balthasar, N., Williams, K. W., & Elmquist, J. K. (2013). Melanocortin 4 receptors reciprocally regulate sympathetic and parasympathetic preganglionic neurons. Cell, 152(3), 612–619. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2012.12.022

• Spencer, J. D., Chavan, B., Marles, L. K., Kauser, S., Rokos, H., & Schallreuter, K. U. (2005). A novel mechanism in control of human pigmentation by β-melanocyte-stimulating hormone and 7-tetrahydrobiopterin. Journal of Endocrinology, 187(2), 293–302. https://doi.org/10.1677/joe.1.06275

• Stepp, D. W., Osakwe, C. C., De Chantemele, E. J. B., & Mintz, J. D. (2013). Vascular effects of deletion of melanocortin-4 receptors in rats. Physiological Reports, 1(6), e00146. https://doi.org/10.1002/phy2.146

• Sun, B., Vatanen, T., Jayasinghe, T. N., McKenzie, E., Murphy, R., & O’Sullivan, J. M. (2020). Desacetyl-α-MSH and α-MSH have sex specific interactions with diet to influence mouse gut morphology, metabolites and microbiota. Scientific Reports, 10(1), 18957. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-75786-z

• Suominen, A., Saldo Rubio, G., Ruohonen, S., Szabó, Z., Pohjolainen, L., Ghimire, B., Ruohonen, S. T., Saukkonen, K., Ijas, J., Skarp, S., Kaikkonen, L., Cai, M., Wardlaw, S. L., Ruskoaho, H., Talman, V., Savontaus, E., Kerkelä, R., & Rinne, P. (2024). α-Melanocyte-stimulating hormone alleviates pathological cardiac remodeling via melanocortin 5 receptor. EMBO Reports, 25(4), 21. https://doi.org/10.1038/s44319-024-00109-6

• Tan, H. Y., Steyn, F. J., Huang, L., Cowley, M., Veldhuis, J. D., & Chen, C. (2016). Hyperphagia in male melanocortin 4 receptor deficient mice promotes growth independently of growth hormone. The Journal of Physiology, 594(24), 7309–7326. https://doi.org/10.1113/JP272770

• Tooke, B. P., Yu, H., Adams, J. M., Jones, G. L., Sutton-Kennedy, T., Mundada, L., Qi, N. R., Low, M. J., & Chhabra, K. H. (2018). Hypothalamic POMC or MC4R deficiency impairs counterregulatory responses to hypoglycemia in mice. Molecular Metabolism, 20, 194–204. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molmet.2018.11.004

• Valli-Jaakola, K. (2007). Molecular genetic studies of melanocortin receptors in morbid obesity. University of Helsinki.

• Vollbach, H., Brandt, S., Lahr, G., Denzer, C., von Schnurbein, J., Debatin, K.-M., & Wabitsch, M. (2017). Prevalence and phenotypic characterization of MC4R variants in a large pediatric cohort. International Journal of Obesity, 41(1), 13–22. https://doi.org/10.1038/ijo.2016.161

• Wade, K. H., Lam, B. Y. H., Melvin, A., Pan, W., Corbin, L. J., Hughes, D. A., Rainbow, K., Chen, J.-H., Duckett, K., Liu, X., Mokrosiński, J., Mörseburg, A., Neaves, S., Williamson, A., Zhang, C., Farooqi, I. S., Yeo, G. S. H., Timpson, N. J., & O’Rahilly, S. (2021). Loss-of-function mutations in the melanocortin 4 receptor in a UK birth cohort. Nature Medicine, 27(6), 1088–1096. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41591-021-01349-y

• Wang, K., Mao, W., Zhang, X., Zhao, Y., Fan, K., Pan, D., Liu, H., Li, P., Hai, R., & Du, C. (2020). Neuroanatomy of melanocortin-4 receptor pathway in the mouse brain. Open Life Sciences, 15(1), 580–587. https://doi.org/10.1515/biol-2020-0063

• Wang, S., Kahale, F., Naderi, A., Surico, P., Yin, J., Dohlman, T., Chen, Y., & Dana, R. (2024). Therapeutic effects of stimulating the melanocortin pathway in regulating ocular inflammation and cell death. Biomolecules, 14(2), 169. https://doi.org/10.3390/biom14020169

• Wang, W., Guo, D.-Y., Lin, Y.-J., & Tao, Y.-X. (2019). Melanocortin regulation of inflammation. Frontiers in Endocrinology, 10, 683. https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2019.00683

• Wang, X.-H., Wang, H.-M., Zhao, B.-L., Yu, P., & Fan, Z.-C. (2014). Rescue of defective MC4R cell-surface expression and signaling by a novel pharmacoperone Ipsen 17. Journal of Molecular Endocrinology, 53(1), 17–29. https://doi.org/10.1530/JME-14-0005

• Wang, Y., Bernard, A., Comblain, F., Yue, X., Paillart, C., Zhang, S., Reiter, J. F., & Vaisse, C. (2021). Melanocortin 4 receptor signals at the neuronal primary cilium to control food intake and body weight. Journal of Clinical Investigation, 131(9), e142064. https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI142064

• Wortley, K. E., Anderson, K. D., Yasenchak, J., Murphy, A., Valenzuela, D., Diano, S., Yancopoulos, G. D., Wiegand, S. J., & Sleeman, M. W. (2005). Agouti-related protein-deficient mice display an age-related lean phenotype. Cell Metabolism, 2(6), 421–427. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmet.2005.11.004

• Wu, Q., Chen, J., Hua, T., & Cai, J. (2023). Alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone-Mediated appetite regulation in the central nervous system. Neuroendocrinology, 113(9), 885–904. https://doi.org/10.1159/000530804

• Zhang, Y., Bo, Q., Wu, W., Xu, C., Yu, G., Ma, S., Yang, Q., Cao, Y., Han, Q., Ru, Y., Liu, X., Hua Wei, R., Wang, F. E., Zhang, X., & Li, X. (2015). α-Melanocyte-stimulating hormone prevents glutamate excitotoxicity in developing chicken retina via MC4R-mediated down-regulation of microRNA-194. Scientific Reports, 5(1), 15812. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep15812

My Publications and Presentations

• Hoke, T. (n.d.). Our Neuro Network | Community-based Support Network of Honor, Homeostasis, and Hope. Our Neuro Network. Our Neuro Network. Retrieved September 6, 2026, from https://ourneuronetwork.org

• Hoke, T. (2023). Improving outcomes through patient empowerment at transition of care: A fall prevention program for stroke survivors. Dissertations. https://www.sigmarepository.org/dissertations/1566

• Hoke, T. M. (2014). Improving outcomes through patient empowerment at transition of care: A fall prevention program for stroke survivors [Doctor of Nursing Practice Inquiry, University of Arizona]. Sigma Repository. https://www.sigmarepository.org/dissertations/1566

• Hoke, T. M. (Host). (2026, February 21). Mast cell activation syndrome, chemical sensitivity, and jugular venous congestion: A big picture perspective [Broadcast]. https://ourneuronetwork.alitu.com/episode/921cc326-0231-4ea7-8232-e8bdb0299df8

• Hoke, T. M., & Taylor-Piliae, R. E. (2013). Abstract TMP88: Slipping, tripping, and rapid ambulation are key fall triggers for stroke survivors. Stroke, 44(suppl_1), ATMP88–ATMP88. https://doi.org/10.1161/str.44.suppl_1.ATMP88

• Hoke, T., & Taylor-Piliae, R. (2013). Slipping, tripping, and rapid ambulation are key fall triggers for stroke survivors[Poster Presentation]. American Heart Association Scientific Sessions: Best of American Heart Association Specialty Conferences, Dallas, TX, United States.

• Hoke, T., Torigoe, T., & Hui, F. (2025). E-017 Melanocortin-4 receptor deficiency is associated with cerebral venous congestion and intracranial pressure disorders. Journal of NeuroInterventional Surgery, 17(Suppl 1), A102–A103. https://doi.org/10.1136/jnis-2025-SNIS.133

• Taylor-Piliae, R. E., Hoke, T. M., Hepworth, J. T., Latt, L. D., Najafi, B., & Coull, B. M. (2014). Effect of Tai Chi on physical function, fall rates and quality of life among older stroke survivors. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 95(5), 816–824. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apmr.2014.01.001

• Taylor-Piliae, R. E., Hoke, T. M., Najafi, B., & Coull, B. M. (2013). Abstract WP362: Stroke survivors in a 12-week yang-style tai chi intervention have fewer falls. Stroke, 44(suppl_1), AWP362–AWP362. https://doi.org/10.1161/str.44.suppl_1.AWP362

• Taylor-Piliae, R., Hoke, T., Najafi, B., & Coull, B. (2013). Stroke survivors In a 12-week Tai Chi intervention have fewer falls [Poster Presentation]. American Heart Association International Stroke Conference, Honolulu, HI, United States.

Spontaneous Intracranial Hypotension and Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) Leak

• 7.2.2 Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) fistula headache. (n.d.). ICHD-3. Retrieved September 2, 2026, from https://ichd-3.org/7-headache-attributed-to-non-vascular-intracranial-disorder/7-2-headache-attributed-to-low-cerebrospinal-fluid-pressure/7-2-2-csf-fistula-headache/

• Abuabara, A. (n.d.). Cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhoea: Diagnosis and management. Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal.

• Ahmed Elshanawany, F. M. (2024). Spontaneous cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhea as a primary presentation of idiopathic intracranial hypertension, management strategies, and clinical outcome. Surgical Neurology International. https://doi.org/10.25259/SNI_560_2024

• Alhathlol, H., Alsharef, F. K., Almedemgh, K. I., Binmushayt, T. H., Alkhreigi, S., Alharbi, M., Almutairi, M. F., Alkhaibary, A., & Aloraidi, A. (2026). Cerebrospinal fluid leak following traumatic skull base fractures: Predictors and outcomes. Surgical Neurology International. https://doi.org/10.25259/sni_178_2026

• Alkan, O., Yildirim, T., Kizilkilic, O., Albayram, S., & Altinkaya, N. (2009). Pseudoarachnoiditis in spontaneous intracranial hypotension. Medical Journal of Trakya University. https://doi.org/10.5174/tutfd.2009.02293.1

• Amrhein, T. J., McFatrich, M., Ehle, K., Malinzak, M. D., Gray, L., Kranz, P. G., Weant, E. H., & Zigler, C. K. (2023). Patient experience of spontaneous intracranial hypotension (SIH): Qualitative interviews for concept elicitation. Journal of Patient-Reported Outcomes, 7(1), 82. https://doi.org/10.1186/s41687-023-00625-4

• Beck, D. J. (n.d.). Surgery for PDPH: Blebs and needle holes.

• Bedarida, V., Labeyrie, M.-A., Eliezer, M., Saint-Maurice, J.-P., Jourdaine, C., Gargalas, S., Herman, P., Houdart, E., & Verillaud, B. (2020). Association of spontaneous cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhea with transverse venous sinus stenosis: A retrospective matched case-control study. International Forum of Allergy & Rhinology. https://doi.org/10.1002/alr.22660

• Bidot, S., Levy, J. M., Saindane, A. M., Narayana, K. M., Dattilo, M., DelGaudio, J. M., Mattox, D. E., Oyesiku, N. M., Peragallo, J. H., Solares, C. A., Vivas, E. X., Wise, S. K., Newman, N. J., & Biousse, V. (2021). Spontaneous skull base cerebrospinal fluid leaks and their relationship to idiopathic intracranial hypertension. American Journal of Rhinology & Allergy. https://doi.org/10.1177/1945892420932490

• Bidot, S., Levy, J. M., Saindane, A. M., Oyesiku, N. M., Newman, N. J., & Biousse, V. (2019). Do most patients with a spontaneous cerebrospinal fluid leak have idiopathic intracranial hypertension? Journal of Neuro-Ophthalmology : The Official Journal of the North American Neuro-Ophthalmology Society. https://doi.org/10.1097/wno.0000000000000761

• Caplan, I. F., Powell, S. D., Almohaisin, A., Gudis, D. A., & Golub, J. S. (2026). Diagnostic Tools and Imaging for Skull Base Cerebrospinal Fluid Leak. Otolaryngologic Clinics of North America. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.otc.2025.12.006

• Carbone, C., Bardi, E., Corni, M. G., Balboni, E., Filippini, N., Fiondella, L., Salemme, S., Vinceti, G., Molinari, M. A., Tondelli, M., Chiari, A., & Zamboni, G. (2022). Why can spontaneous intracranial hypotension cause behavioral changes? A case report and multimodality neuroimaging comparison with frontotemporal dementia. Cortex, 155, 322–332. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cortex.2022.07.013

• Cheema, S., Joy, C., Pople, J., Snape-Burns, J., Trevarthen, T., & Matharu, M. (2022). Patient experience of diagnosis and management of spontaneous intracranial hypotension: A cross-sectional online survey. BMJ Open, 12(1), e057438. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2021-057438

• Dai, J. B., Signore, A. G. D., Govindaraj, S., Bederson, J. B., Iloreta, A. M. C., & Shrivastava, R. K. (2020). Investigation of skull-based cerebrospinal fluid leak repair: A single-institution comprehensive study of 116 cases over 10 years. World Neurosurgery. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wneu.2019.09.133

• Dallan, I., Vinciguerra, A., Barucco, M., Turri-Zanoni, M., Ferrari, M., Georgalas, C., Emanuelli, E., Pasquini, E., Sollini, G., Serioli, S., Girolami, L. di, Neri, L., Canevari, F. R., Kuan, E. C., Alquatani, A., Zele, T. van, Rigante, M., Cristofani-Mencacci, L., Alobid, I., … Castelnuovo, P. (2026). Spontaneous cerebrospinal fluid leaks and encephaloceles: Multi-institutional collaborative retrospective analysis of 468 cases with special focus on recurrent cases. European Archives of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology : Official Journal of the European Federation of Oto-Rhino-Laryngological Societies (EUFOS) : Affiliated with the German Society for Oto-Rhino-Laryngology - Head and Neck Surgery. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00405-026-10446-y

• Dobrocky, T., Nicholson, P., Häni, L., Mordasini, P., Krings, T., Brinjikji, W., Cutsforth-Gregory, J. K., Schär, R., Schankin, C., Gralla, J., Pereira, V. M., Raabe, A., Farb, R., Beck, J., & Piechowiak, E. I. (2022). Spontaneous intracranial hypotension: Searching for the CSF leak. The Lancet Neurology, 21(4), 369–380. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1474-4422(21)00423-3

• Eide, J. G., Mason, W., Ray, A., Carey, J., Cook, B., & Craig, J. R. (2024). Systematic review of errors on beta-2 transferrin gel electrophoresis testing of rhinorrhea and otorrhea. International Forum of Allergy & Rhinology, 14(6), 1016–1025. https://doi.org/10.1002/alr.23293

• Erickson, T. S., Patel, E. J., & Loftus, P. A. (2026). Clinical presentation and epidemiology of traumatic and iatrogenic cerebrospinal fluid leaks. Otolaryngologic Clinics of North America. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.otc.2025.12.009

• Filip, P., Patel, E. A., Khalife, S., Baird, A. M., Dominy, C., Joshi, K., Feng, R., Munich, S., Stosic, M., Szewka, A. J., Shrivastava, R., Govindaraj, S., Papagiannopoulos, P., Batra, P. S., & Tajudeen, B. A. (2024). Multiple skull base defects in the setting of spontaneous cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhea; a dual institution view. American Journal of Otolaryngology. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjoto.2023.104048

• Goldberg, J., Häni, L., Jesse, C. M., Zubak, I., Piechowiak, E. I., Gralla, J., Dobrocky, T., Beck, J., & Raabe, A. (2021). Spontaneous intracranial hypotension without CSF leakage—Concept of a pathological cranial to spinal fluid shift. Frontiers in Neurology, 12, 760081. https://doi.org/10.3389/fneur.2021.760081

• Hepworth, E. J., Love, A. V., & Hartford, R. L. (2021). Intracranial hypertension secondary to venous outflow obstruction. Journal of Neurological Surgery Part B: Skull Base, 82(S 02), OD068. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0041-1725347

• Higgins, J. N., Axon, P. R., & Macfarlane, R. (2020). Spontaneous intracranial hypotension complicated by subdural effusions treated by surgical relief of cranial venous outflow obstruction. Journal of Neurological Surgery Reports, 81(04), e59–e65. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0040-1722268

• Higgins, N., Trivedi, R., Greenwood, R., & Pickard, J. (2015). Brain slump caused by jugular venous stenoses treated by stenting: A hypothesis to link spontaneous intracranial hypotension with idiopathic intracranial hypertension. Journal of Neurological Surgery Reports, 76(01), e188–e193. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0035-1555015

• Jesse, C. M., Häni, L., Fung, C., Ulrich, C. T., Schär, R. T., Dobrocky, T., Piechowiak, E. I., Goldberg, J., Schankin, C., Sintonen, H., Beck, J., & Raabe, A. (2022). The impact of spontaneous intracranial hypotension on social life and health-related quality of life. Journal of Neurology, 269(10), 5466–5473. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00415-022-11207-7

• K, P., N, P., Silambu, M., C, R., & C, E. (2026). Etiology and evidence-based management of CSF rhinorrhea: Clinical outcomes in the endoscopic era. Asian Journal of Medical Sciences. https://doi.org/10.71152/ajms.v17i3.5107

• Lashkarivand, A., & Eide, P. K. (2022). Brain sagging dementia—Diagnosis, treatment, and outcome. Neurology, 98(19), 798–805. https://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.0000000000200511

• Liaw, V., McCreary, M., & Friedman, D. I. (2023). Quality of life in patients with confirmed and suspected spinal CSF leaks. Neurology, 101(23), e2411–e2422. https://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.0000000000207763

• Lipschitz, N., Hazenfield, J. M., Breen, J. T., & Samy, R. N. (2019). Laboratory testing and imaging in the evaluation of cranial cerebrospinal fluid leaks and encephaloceles. Current Opinion in Otolaryngology & Head and Neck Surgery. https://doi.org/10.1097/moo.0000000000000578

• Liu, Y. (2006). Cerebrospinal fluid leak after traumatic skull base fracture: The cause and treatment.

• Massey, T. H., & Robertson, N. P. (2021). Spontaneous intracranial hypotension: Features, diagnosis and management. Journal of Neurology, 268(4), 1555–1557. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00415-021-10500-1

• Mehta, D., Cheema, S., Davagnanam, I., & Matharu, M. (2023). Diagnosis and treatment evaluation in patients with spontaneous intracranial hypotension. Frontiers in Neurology, 14, 1145949. https://doi.org/10.3389/fneur.2023.1145949

• O’’Leary, S., Gowda, P., Prabhakar, A., Jenkins, A., Darko, K., Azam, F., Robledo, A., Luna, A. E., Bonsrah, N. A., Still, M. E. H., Aoun, S. G., Whittemore, B. A., Barrie, U., Braga, B. P., & Totimeh, T. (2024). Evidence-based approaches to cranial cerebrospinal fluid leaks in low- and middle-income countries: A systematic review of the literature. Neurosurgical Review. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10143-024-03162-w

• Omer, M., Wolf, K., Overstijns, M., El Rahal, A., Lützen, N., Urbach, H., Zander, C., Krismer, L., Klingler, J.-H., Hohenhaus, M., Shah, M., Beck, J., & Volz, F. (2026). Return to work – Estimated socioeconomic impact of spontaneous intracranial hypotension and effects of neurosurgical treatment. Frontiers in Neurology, 17, 1738826. https://doi.org/10.3389/fneur.2026.1738826

• Onder, H. (2021). Association of spontaneous cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhea with transverse venous sinus stenosis: A retrospective matched case-control study. International Forum of Allergy & Rhinology. https://doi.org/10.1002/alr.22698

• Palmer, R. C., D. Farquhar, Nina W. Zhao, A. Chiu, N. Adappa, J. (2016). Cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhea secondary to idiopathic intracranial hypertension: Long-term outcomes of endoscopic repairs. American Journal of Rhinology & Allergy. https://doi.org/10.2500/ajra.2016.30.4319

• Pasumarthi, A., Luo, A., Shah, H., & Carroll, I. (2020). Letter: Considering cerebrospinal fluid leaks in Ehlers-Danlos Patients: raising awareness amongst neurosurgeons. Neurosurgery Open, 1(4). https://doi.org/10.1093/neuopn/okaa016

• Pérez, M. A., Bialer, O. Y., Bruce, B. B., Newman, N. J., & Biousse, V. (2013). Primary spontaneous cerebrospinal fluid leaks and idiopathic intracranial hypertension. Journal of Neuro-Ophthalmology : The Official Journal of the North American Neuro-Ophthalmology Society. https://doi.org/10.1097/wno.0b013e318299c292

• Radu, R. A., Department of Neurology, University Emergency Hospital Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania, Department of Neurology, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania, Oana Terecoasa, E., Department of Neurology, University Emergency Hospital Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania, Department of Neurology, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania, Elena Oana Terecoasa, MD, PhD, Department of Neurology, University Emergency Hospital Bucharest, 169 Independentei Street, District 5, 050098, Bucharest, Romania, Phone: +40744345734; E-mail: oana_ter@yahoo.com, Nicoleta Marinescu, A., Department of Radiology and Medical Imaging, University Emergency Hospital Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania, Department of Radiology and Medical Imaging, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania, Enache, I., Department of Neurology, University Emergency Hospital Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania, Tiu, C., Department of Neurology, University Emergency Hospital Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania, & Department of Neurology, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania. (2021). Cranial cerebrospinal fluid leak and intracranial hypotension syndrome – a case report. Journal of Medicine and Life, 14(4), 587–590. https://doi.org/10.25122/jml-2021-0090

• Roshchina, D. V., Годков, И. М., Grin, А. А., Ai, K., & Гаров, Е. В. (2025). Features of diagnosing cerebrospinal fluid leak in patients with severe traumatic brain injury. Russian Journal of Neurosurgery. https://doi.org/10.63769/1683-3295-2025-27-2-161-170

• Schievink, W. I. (n.d.). Spontaneous spinal cerebrospinal fluid leaks and intracranial hypotension.

• Schievink, W. I., Maya, M., Tay, A. S.-M. S., Tache, R. B., Chu, R., Moser, F. G., Prasad, R. S., Nuno, M. A., & Lewis, R. A. (2026). Characteristics of patients with bibrachial amyotrophy due to spontaneous spinal CSF leaks. Neurology, 107(7), e218492. https://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.0000000000218492

• Scoffings, D. J. (2021). Imaging of acquired skull base cerebrospinal fluid leaks. Neuroimaging Clinics of North America. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nic.2021.05.009

• Sk, B., & Ma, J. (n.d.). Spontaneous intracranial hypotension causing reversible frontotemporal dementia.

• Steiert, C., Kraus, L. M., Roelz, R., Urbach, H., Beck, J., Meckel, S., & Grauvogel, J. (2022). Surgical repair of skull base CSF leaks after cisternography diagnosis: Analysis of validity and surgical outcome and impact on future treatment strategies. BioMed Research International. https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/8740352

• Tlemcani, Z. C., Said, D., Jawad, L., Cherif, E. A., & Miloudi, G. (2026). Spontaneous cerebrospinal fluid leak in the clivus about two cases and review of literature. Radiology Case Reports, 21(7), 2942–2948. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.radcr.2026.03.064

• Volz, F., Omer, M., Overstijns, M., Rahal, A. E., Hohenhaus, M., Klingler, J.-H., Lützen, N., Urbach, H., Zander, C., Carroll, I., Beck, J., & Wolf, K. (2026). Toward quantifying disability in spontaneous intracranial hypotension: A patient-derived disability weight. Cephalalgia, 46(4), 03331024261444662. https://doi.org/10.1177/03331024261444662

• Volz, F., Wolf, K., Fung, C., Carroll, I., Lahmann, C., Lützen, N., Urbach, H., Klingler, J.-H., Beck, J., & El Rahal, A. (2024). Impact of spinal CSF leaks on quality of life and mental health and long-term reversal by surgical closure. Neurology: Clinical Practice, 14(2), e200272. https://doi.org/10.1212/CPJ.0000000000200272

• Wei, T.-T., Huang, H., Chen, G., & He, F.-F. (2021). Management of an intracranial hypotension patient with diplopia as the primary symptom: A case report. World Journal of Clinical Cases, 9(22), 6544–6551. https://doi.org/10.12998/wjcc.v9.i22.6544

• Welby, J. P., Mark, I. T., Carr, C. M., Benson, J. C., Verdoorn, J. T., & Johnson-Tesch, B. (2026). Rapid systemic absorption of epidural iodinated contrast: Observations from multilevel blood patching. American Journal of Neuroradiology, 47(8), 2209–2213. https://doi.org/10.3174/ajnr.A9226

• Yang, Z., Wang, B., Wang, C., & Liu, P. (2011). Primary spontaneous cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhea: A symptom of idiopathic intracranial hypertension? Journal of Neurosurgery. https://doi.org/10.3171/2011.3.jns101447

• Zapalac, J. S., Marple, B. F., & Schwade, N. D. (2002). Skull base cerebrospinal fluid fistulas: A comprehensive diagnostic algorithm. Otolaryngology--Head and Neck Surgery : Official Journal of American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery. https://doi.org/10.1067/mhn.2002.125755

Suicide

• 988 Lifeline. (n.d.). 988 Lifeline. Retrieved September 6, 2026, from https://988lifeline.org/

• Allen, K. J. D., Bozzay, M. L., & Edenbaum, E. R. (2019). Neurocognition and suicide risk in adults. Current Behavioral Neuroscience Reports, 6(4), 151–165. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40473-019-00189-y

• Bach, H., & Arango, V. (2012). Neuroanatomy of serotonergic abnormalities in suicide (Y. Dwivedi, Ed.). CRC Press/Taylor & Francis. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK107204/

• Balcioglu, Y. H., & Kose, S. (2018). Neural substrates of suicide and suicidal behaviour: From a neuroimaging perspective. Psychiatry and Clinical Psychopharmacology, 28(3), 314–328. https://doi.org/10.1080/24750573.2017.1420378

• Ballard, E. D., & Lamontagne, S. J. (2025). Neuroimaging and suicide-specific stimuli. Neuropsychopharmacology, 50(1), 308–309. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41386-024-01936-w

• Bengoechea-Fortes, S. de la P., Ramírez-Expósito, M. J., & Martínez-Martos, J. M. (2024). Suicide, neuroinflammation and other physiological alterations. European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience, 274(5), 1037–1049. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00406-023-01584-z

• Braun, L. T., Vogel, F., & Reincke, M. (2022). Long‐term morbidity and mortality in patients with Cushing’s syndrome. Journal of Neuroendocrinology, 34(8), e13113. https://doi.org/10.1111/jne.13113

• Brown, S.-L., Botsis, A. J., & Van Praag, H. M. (1992). Suicide: CSF and neuroendocrine challenge studies. International Review of Psychiatry, 4(2), 141–148. https://doi.org/10.3109/09540269209066311

• Bryant, R. A., Breukelaar, I. A., Williamson, T., Felmingham, K., Williams, L. M., & Korgaonkar, M. S. (2024). The neural connectome of suicidality in adults with mood and anxiety disorders. Nature Mental Health, 2(11), 1342–1349. https://doi.org/10.1038/s44220-024-00325-y

• Carballo, J. J., Akamnonu, C. P., & Oquendo, M. A. (2008). Neurobiology of suicidal behavior. An integration of biological and clinical findings. Archives of Suicide Research : Official Journal of the International Academy for Suicide Research, 12(2), 93–110. https://doi.org/10.1080/13811110701857004

• Chen, M., Gao, M., Shao, R., Tong, H., Liu, J. M., Cheung, A. K., & Lee, T. M. C. (2026). Chronic stress modulates the relationship between acute stress-related cortical-limbic circuit functional connectivity and depression symptoms. Journal of Affective Disorders, 395(Pt B), 120725. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2025.120725

• Dombrovski, A. Y., & Hallquist, M. N. (2017). The decision neuroscience perspective on suicidal behavior: Evidence and hypotheses. Current Opinion in Psychiatry, 30(1), 7–14. https://doi.org/10.1097/YCO.0000000000000297

• Dwivedi, Y. (Ed.). (2012). The neurobiological basis of suicide. CRC Press/Taylor & Francis. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK107209/

• Eisenlohr-Moul, T. A. (2026, September 8). Hormones, the brain, and female suicide risk. In Hormones, the brain, and female suicide risk. https://bbrfoundation.org/event/hormones-brain-and-female-suicide-risk

• Erhardt, S., Lim, C. K., Linderholm, K. R., Janelidze, S., Lindqvist, D., Samuelsson, M., Lundberg, K., Postolache, T. T., Träskman-Bendz, L., Guillemin, G. J., & Brundin, L. (2013). Connecting inflammation with glutamate agonism in suicidality. Neuropsychopharmacology, 38(5), 743–752. https://doi.org/10.1038/npp.2012.248

• Ferrer-Cairols, I., Baquero, M., Salvador, A., Montoliu, T., Crespo-Sanmiguel, I., Pulopulos, M., Hidalgo, V., Gómez, E., López-Cuevas, R., Cuevas, A., & Martín, N. (2022). Depression and suicide risk in mild cognitive impairment: The role of alzheimer’s disease biomarkers. Psicothema, 4(34), 553–561. https://doi.org/10.7334/psicothema2022.103

• Gadad, B. S., Vargas-Medrano, J., Ramos, E. I., Najera, K., Fagan, M., Forero, A., & Thompson, P. M. (2021). Altered levels of interleukins and neurotrophic growth factors in mood disorders and suicidality: An analysis from periphery to central nervous system. Translational Psychiatry, 11(1), 341. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41398-021-01452-1

• Galfalvy, H., Currier, D., Oquendo, M. A., Sullivan, G., Huang, Y.-Y., & John Mann, J. (2009). Lower CSF MHPG predicts short-term risk for suicide attempt. The International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology, 12(10), 1327. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1461145709990228

• González-Castro, T. B., Almeida De La O, P. D. L. A., Tovilla-Zárate, C. A., López-Narváez, M. L., Genis Mendoza, A. D., Juárez-Rojop, I. E., Pérez-Hernández, N., & Rodriguez-Perez, J. M. (2021). Evaluation of leptin levels in serum as a biomarker for suicide behavior: Systematic review and meta-analysis. International Journal of Neuroscience, 131(1), 49–55. https://doi.org/10.1080/00207454.2020.1733558

• Heeringen, K. van, & Mann, J. J. (2014). The neurobiology of suicide. The Lancet Psychiatry, 1(1), 63–72. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2215-0366(14)70220-2

• Isung, J., Aeinehband, S., Mobarrez, F., Mårtensson, B., Nordström, P., Åsberg, M., Piehl, F., & Jokinen, J. (2012). Low vascular endothelial growth factor and interleukin-8 in cerebrospinal fluid of suicide attempters. Translational Psychiatry, 2(11), e196–e196. https://doi.org/10.1038/tp.2012.123

• Kang, H.-J., Kim, J.-W., Kim, S.-W., Han, J.-S., Lyoo, I. K., & Kim, J.-M. (2023). Peripheral markers of suicidal behavior: Current findings and clinical implications. Clinical Psychopharmacology and Neuroscience, 21(4), 650–664. https://doi.org/10.9758/cpn.22.1046

• Lindqvist, D., Janelidze, S., Erhardt, S., Träskman‐Bendz, L., Engström, G., & Brundin, L. (2011). CSF biomarkers in suicide attempters – A principal component analysis. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 124(1), 52–61. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0447.2010.01655.x

• Lutz, P.-E., Mechawar, N., & Turecki, G. (2017). Neuropathology of suicide: Recent findings and future directions. Molecular Psychiatry, 22(10), 1395–1412. https://doi.org/10.1038/mp.2017.141

• Mamdani, F., & Sequeira, A. (2022). Blood-based biomarkers for suicide in depression: Moving a step closer to prediction. Neuropsychopharmacology, 48(1), 245–246. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41386-022-01391-5

• Mamun, M. A., Al-Mamun, F., Islam, J., & Muhit, M. (2022). Prevalence and associated factors of suicidal behaviors among Bangladeshi rural community people: Findings from the ‘BD ComMen Study.’ PLOS ONE, 17(12), e0279271. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0279271

• Neuroscience of suicidal ideation: Brain science and hope. (2026, January 12). https://mindlabneuroscience.com/neuroscience-of-suicidal-ideation/

• News, N. (2024, March 14). Molecular alterations in brain tissue provide clues to suicidal ideation. https://neurosciencenews.com/genetics-brain-tissue-suicide-25761/

• Pal, D. V. S., Bagul, D. K. R., Mudgal, V., Jain, P., & Dhakad, D. R. (n.d.). Is there an indicator for detecting suicidal behaviour even before it sets in?

• Pandey, G. N. (2013). Biological basis of suicide and suicidal behavior. Bipolar Disorders, 15(5), 524–541. https://doi.org/10.1111/bdi.12089

• Ren, N., Zheng, S., Zhou, Y., Zhang, X., Wang, M. H., & Bian, Y. (2026). The prospect of suicide biomarkers: From neurobiology to precision prevention. Frontiers in Psychology, 17, 1757838. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1757838

• Sher, L. (2017). Commentary: CSF and plasma testosterone in attempted suicide. Frontiers in Public Health, 5, 92. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2017.00092

• Sokolowski, M., Wasserman, J., & Wasserman, D. (2015). An overview of the neurobiology of suicidal behaviors as one meta-system. Molecular Psychiatry, 20(1), 56–71. https://doi.org/10.1038/mp.2014.101

• Sonmez, D., Kurhan, F., & Hocaoglu, C. (2024). Neurobiology of suicide in depressive disorders (pp. 1–24). Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-32035-4_152-1

• The neurobiology of suicide: The “suicidal brain.” (n.d.). Retrieved September 20, 2026, from https://www.frontiersin.org/research-topics/31340/the-neurobiology-of-suicide-the-suicidal-brain/magazine

• Turecki, G. (2014). The molecular bases of the suicidal brain. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 15(12), 802–816. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrn3839

• Walsh, R. F. L., Maddox, M. A., Smith, L. T., Liu, R. T., & Alloy, L. B. (2024). Social and circadian rhythm dysregulation and suicide: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 158, 105560. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2024.105560

• Zalsman, G. (2023). How else can inflammation kill you? European Neuropsychopharmacology, 67, 1–3. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.euroneuro.2022.11.003

Venous Congestion

• Abdalkader, M., Nguyen, T. N., Norbash, A. M., Raz, E., Shapiro, M., Lenck, S., Brinjikji, W., Weber, P., & Sakai, O. (2021). State of the art: Venous causes of pulsatile tinnitus and diagnostic considerations guiding endovascular therapy. Radiology, 300(1), 2–16. https://doi.org/10.1148/radiol.2021202584

• Adi, O., Fong, C. P., Azil, A., & Wahab, S. F. A. (2019). Fat embolism in right internal jugular vein: Incidental ultrasound finding during internal jugular vein cannulation. The Ultrasound Journal, 11(1), 1. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13089-019-0116-9

• Ahn, S. S., Miller, T. J., Chen, J. F., Chen, S. W., Feldtman, R., & Hwang, W. (2013). Internal jugular vein stenosis in patients with thoracic outlet symptoms. Journal of Vascular Surgery, 57(5), 100S-101S. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvs.2013.02.234

• Akbas, I., Gedik, B. S., Bisgin, E., & Guclu, O. (2025). Combined frontal cavernoma and developmental venous angioma presenting as organic personality disorder: A case report. BMC Psychiatry, 25(1), 1152. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-025-07596-4

• Alkhamis, F., Alhajri, K., Aljaafari, D., Alhashim, A., Alsamarah, A., Sharydah, A., Basheir, O., AlSulaiman, F., & Alabdali, M. (2021). Recurrent facial palsy due to high jugular bulb dehiscence. Journal of Multidisciplinary Healthcare, Volume 14, 359–362. https://doi.org/10.2147/JMDH.S295950

• Alperin, N., Lee, S. H., Mazda, M., Hushek, S. G., Roitberg, B., Goddwin, J., & Lichtor, T. (2005). Evidence for the importance of extracranial venous flow in patients with idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH). In W. S. Poon, M. T. V. Chan, K. Y. C. Goh, J. M.K. Lam, S. C. P. Ng, A. Marmarou, C. J. J. Avezaat, J. D. Pickard, M. Czosnyka, P. J. A. Hutchinson, & Y. Katayama (Eds.), Intracranial Pressure and Brain Monitoring XII (Vol. 95, pp. 129–132). Springer-Verlag. https://doi.org/10.1007/3-211-32318-X_28

• Arif, T., & Gull, H. (2022). Anticoagulation in the treatment of pulsatile tinnitus caused by internal jugular vein stenosis: A rare case report. Journal of Medical Research and Surgery, 3(1), 10–12. https://doi.org/10.52916/jmrs224068

• Arun, A., Amans, M. R., Higgins, N., Brinjikji, W., Sattur, M., Satti, S. R., Nakaji, P., Luciano, M., Huisman, T. A., Moghekar, A., Pereira, V. M., Meng, R., Fargen, K., & Hui, F. K. (2022). A proposed framework for cerebral venous congestion. The Neuroradiology Journal, 35(1), 94–111. https://doi.org/10.1177/19714009211029261

• Aygun, N., Uludag, M., & Ozel, A. (2019). The clinical importance of tumor thrombus in internal jugular vein related to papillary thyroid cancer. Surgical Case Reports, 1–4. https://doi.org/10.31487/j.SCR.2019.04.06

• Bai, C., Wang, Z., Guan, J., Jin, K., Ding, Y., Ji, X., & Meng, R. (2020). Clinical characteristics and neuroimaging findings in eagle syndrome induced internal jugular vein stenosis. Annals of Translational Medicine, 8(4), 97–97. https://doi.org/10.21037/atm.2019.12.93

• Bai, C., Wang, Z., Stone, C., Zhou, D., Ding, J., Ding, Y., Ji, X., & Meng, R. (2021). Pathogenesis and management in cerebrovenous outflow disorders. Aging and Disease, 12(1), 203. https://doi.org/10.14336/AD.2020.0404

• Bai, C., Xu, Y., Zhou, D., Ding, J., Yang, Q., Ding, Y., Ji, X., & Meng, R. (2019). The comparative analysis of non-thrombotic internal jugular vein stenosis and cerebral venous sinus stenosis. Journal of Thrombosis and Thrombolysis, 48(1), 61–67. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11239-019-01820-1

• Bain, F. T. (n.d.). How to perform ultrasound evaluation of the jugular vein. DIAGNOSTIC IMAGING.

• Barami, K. (2016). Cerebral venous overdrainage: An under-recognized complication of cerebrospinal fluid diversion. Neurosurgical Focus, 41(3), E9. https://doi.org/10.3171/2016.6.FOCUS16172

• Beggs, C. B., Giaquinta, A., Veroux, M., De Marco, E., Mociskyte, D., & Veroux, P. (2018). Mid-term sustained relief from headaches after balloon angioplasty of the internal jugular veins in patients with multiple sclerosis. PLOS ONE, 13(1), e0191534. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0191534

• Beggs, C., Chung, C.-P., Bergsland, N., Wang, P.-N., Shepherd, S., Cheng, C.-Y., Dwyer, M. G., Hu, H.-H., & Zivadinov, R. (2013). Jugular venous reflux and brain parenchyma volumes in elderly patients with mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer’s disease. BMC Neurology, 13(1), 157. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2377-13-157

• Benson, J. (2026, September 23). September CSF masterclass on myelography. In September CSF masterclass on myelography. https://www.svin.org/i4a/pages/index.cfm?pageid=3767

• Bettiol, A., Alibaz-Oner, F., Direskeneli, H., Hatemi, G., Saadoun, D., Seyahi, E., Prisco, D., & Emmi, G. (2023). Vascular Behcet syndrome: From pathogenesis to treatment. Nature Reviews Rheumatology, 19(2), 111–126. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41584-022-00880-7

• Bragée, B., Michos, A., Drum, B., Fahlgren, M., Szulkin, R., & Bertilson, B. C. (2020). Signs of intracranial hypertension, hypermobility, and craniocervical obstructions in patients with myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome. Frontiers in Neurology, 11, 828. https://doi.org/10.3389/fneur.2020.00828

• Brinjikji, W., Madhavan, A., Garza, I., Whealy, M., Kissoon, N., Mark, I., Morris, P. P., Verdoorn, J., Benson, J. C., Atkinson, J. L. D., Kobeissi, H., & Cutsforth-Gregory, J. K. (2024). Clinical and imaging outcomes of 100 patients with cerebrospinal fluid-venous fistulas treated by transvenous embolization. Journal of NeuroInterventional Surgery, 16(12), 1256–1263. https://doi.org/10.1136/jnis-2023-021012

• Buch, K., Groller, R., Nadgir, R. N., Fujita, A., Qureshi, M. M., & Sakai, O. (2016). Variability in the cross-sectional area and narrowing of the internal jugular vein in patients without multiple sclerosis. American Journal of Roentgenology, 206(5), 1082–1086. https://doi.org/10.2214/AJR.15.14689

• Cappiello, J., Piazza, C., Berlucchi, M., Peretti, G., De Zinis, L., Maroldi, R., & Nicolai, P. (2002). Internal jugular vein patency after lateral neck dissection: A prospective study. European Archives of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology, 259(8), 409–412. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00405-002-0479-5

• Cerebral venous outflow revisited: Contemporary insights to simplify a complex disease. (n.d.). https://doi.org/10.1177/15910199251380374

• Chung, C.-P., & Hu, H.-H. (2008). Jugular venous reflux. Journal of Medical Ultrasound, 16(3), 210–222. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0929-6441(08)60050-8

• Consoli, A., Cancelliere, N. M., Charbonnier, G., Nishi, H., Vanek, I., Marotta, T. R., Spears, J., & Pereira, V. M. (2025). Novel, braided, self-expandable stent designed for the treatment of pulsatile tinnitus caused by intracranial venous stenosis: First-in-human experience and long-term outcomes. Journal of NeuroInterventional Surgery, 17(5), 487–492. https://doi.org/10.1136/jnis-2024-021458

• Coskunoglu, A., Orenay-Boyacioglu, S., Deveci, A., Bayam, M., Onur, E., Onan, A., & Cam, F. (2017). Evidence of associations between brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) serum levels and gene polymorphisms with tinnitus. Noise and Health, 19(88), 140. https://doi.org/10.4103/nah.NAH_74_16

• Dashti, S. R., Nakaji, P., Hu, Y. C., Frei, D. F., Abla, A. A., Yao, T., Fiorella, D., & Ogungbo, B. (2012). Styloidogenic jugular venous compression syndrome: Diagnosis and treatment: Case report. Neurosurgery, 70(3), 783–783. https://doi.org/10.1227/NEU.0b013e3182333859

• Davis, B. M., Rantanen, P., Seo, G., Thadani, S., Spencer, E. B., Hepworth, E., & Cutchins, A. (2026). An overview of vascular compression syndromes and associations with autonomic dysfunction: A review. Biomedicines, 14(3), 689. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines14030689

• Department of Medical Imaging, Independent Public Province Hospital of J. Śniadecki in Białystok, Poland, Czyżewska, D., Krysiuk, K., Department of Radiology, The Medical University of Bialystok Clinical Hospital, Poland, Dobrzycki, K., Department of Invasive Cardiology, The Medical University of Bialystok Clinical Hospital, Poland, Ustymowicz, A., & Department of Radiology, The Medical University of Bialystok, Poland. (2015). Ultrasound assessment of the jugular and vertebral veins in healthy individuals: Selected physiological aspects and morphological parameters. Journal of Ultrasonography, 15(62), 267–273. https://doi.org/10.15557/JoU.2015.0023

• Ding, J., Zhou, D., Pan, L., Ya, J., Liu, C., Yan, F., Fan, C., Ding, Y., Ji, X., & Meng, R. (2020). Cervical spondylotic internal jugular venous compression syndrome. CNS Neuroscience & Therapeutics, 26(1), 47–54. https://doi.org/10.1111/cns.13148

• Eliav, T., Alguayn, F., Zlotnik, Y., & Horev, A. (2026). Cerebral Venous Insufficiency as a Contributing Factor in Dementia: An Emerging Hypothesis. Stroke: Vascular and Interventional Neurology, 6(1). https://doi.org/10.1161/SVIN.125.002083

• Fargen, K. M. (2020). Idiopathic intracranial hypertension is not idiopathic: Proposal for a new nomenclature and patient classification. Journal of NeuroInterventional Surgery, 12(2), 110–114. https://doi.org/10.1136/neurintsurg-2019-015498

• Fargen, K. M. (2021). A unifying theory explaining venous sinus stenosis and recurrent stenosis following venous sinus stenting in patients with idiopathic intracranial hypertension. Journal of NeuroInterventional Surgery, 13(7), 587–592. https://doi.org/10.1136/neurintsurg-2020-017208

• Fargen, K. M. (2022). Venous stenting for idiopathic intracranial hypertension: Lessons learned from a high-volume practice. Journal of NeuroInterventional Surgery, 14(6), 528–532. https://doi.org/10.1136/neurintsurg-2021-018184

• Fargen, K. M., Amans, M. R., & Hui, F. K. (2025). The Cerebral Venous Disorders Severity Scale. Journal of NeuroInterventional

  Surgery, 17(2), 115–116. https://doi.org/10.1136/jnis-2024-022976

• Fargen, K. M., Ashraf, O., Suri, A. E., Margraf, C., Amans, M. R., Tateshima, S., Zhang, Y. J., & Hui, F. K. (2026). Straight sinus stenosis: Prevalence in cerebral venous disorders and the role of stenting. Journal of NeuroInterventional Surgery, 18(6), 1558–1563. https://doi.org/10.1136/jnis-2025-023942

• Fargen, K. M., Garner, R. M., Kittel, C., & Wolfe, S. Q. (2020). A descriptive study of venous sinus pressures and gradients in patients with idiopathic intracranial hypertension. Journal of NeuroInterventional Surgery, 12(3), 320–325. https://doi.org/10.1136/neurintsurg-2019-015251

• Fargen, K. M., Hui, F., & Hirsch, J. A. (2023). Cerebral venous disorders: The path forward. Journal of NeuroInterventional Surgery, 15(4), 309–309. https://doi.org/10.1136/jnis-2023-020251

• Fargen, K. M., Kittel, C., Amans, M. R., Brinjikji, W., & Hui, F. (2023). A national survey of venous sinus stenting practices for idiopathic intracranial hypertension. Journal of NeuroInterventional Surgery, 15(5), 507–511. https://doi.org/10.1136/neurintsurg-2022-018832

• Fargen, K. M., Midtlien, J. P., Margraf, C. R., Wiater, A. H., Marcet, P. A., Siddiqui, A. H., & Hui, F. (2025). Cerebral venous pressures, sinus trans-stenosis gradients, and intracranial pressures are dramatically augmented by head position. Journal of NeuroInterventional Surgery, 17(10), 1120–1126. https://doi.org/10.1136/jnis-2024-022167

• Fargen, K. M., Velat, G. J., Lewis, S. B., Hoh, B. L., Mocco, J., & Lawson, M. F. (2013). Concomitant intracranial pressure monitoring during venous sinus stenting for intracranial hypertension secondary to venous sinus stenosis. Journal of NeuroInterventional Surgery, 5(4), e22–e22. https://doi.org/10.1136/neurintsurg-2012-010371

  Flounders, J. A. (2003). Superior vena cava syndrome. Oncology Nursing Forum, 30(4), E84–E90. https://doi.org/10.1188/03.ONF.E84-E90

• Fritch, C., Voronovich, Z., & Carlson, A. P. (2020). C1 transverse process resection for management of jugular stenosis. Operative Neurosurgery, 19(2), E209–E213. https://doi.org/10.1093/ons/opaa032

  Frommer, J. (1974). Anatomic variations in the stylohyoid chain and their possible clinical significance. Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology, 38(5), 659–667. https://doi.org/10.1016/0030-4220(74)90382-X

• Fulop, G. A., Ahire, C., Csipo, T., Tarantini, S., Kiss, T., Balasubramanian, P., Yabluchanskiy, A., Farkas, E., Toth, A., Nyúl-Tóth, Á., Toth, P., Csiszar, A., & Ungvari, Z. (2019). Cerebral venous congestion promotes blood-brain barrier disruption and neuroinflammation, impairing cognitive function in mice. GeroScience, 41(5), 575–589. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11357-019-00110-1

• Gorton, A. J., Nandavaram, S., & Keshavamurthy, S. (2023). (1087) cerebral venous congestion in patient with oxyrvad V-V ecmo presenting as blurred vision. The Journal of Heart and Lung Transplantation, 42(4), S468–S469. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.healun.2023.02.1298

• Grech, O., Clouter, A., Mitchell, J. L., Alimajstorovic, Z., Ottridge, R. S., Yiangou, A., Roque, M., Tahrani, A. A., Nicholls, M., Taylor, A. E., Shaheen, F., Arlt, W., Lavery, G. G., Shapiro, K., Mollan, S. P., & Sinclair, A. J. (2021). Cognitive performance in idiopathic intracranial hypertension and relevance of intracranial pressure. Brain Communications, 3(3), fcab202. https://doi.org/10.1093/braincomms/fcab202

• Gweon, H. M., Chung, T.-S., & Suh, S. H. (2011). Evaluation of the cause of internal jugular vein obstruction on head and neck contrast enhanced 3D MR angiography using contrast enhanced computed tomography. Journal of the Korean Society of Magnetic Resonance in Medicine, 15(1), 41. https://doi.org/10.13104/jksmrm.2011.15.1.41

• Hagens, M. H. J., Hoogervorst, E. L. J., Frequin, S. T. F. M., & Tromp, S. C. (2013). Cerebrospinal venous outflow in multiple sclerosis patients versus fatigue and/or depression. Interventional Neurology, 2(4), 193–200. https://doi.org/10.1159/000363070

• Hammed, A., Richter, G., Ismail, O., Niemöller, U., & Tanislav, C. (2025). C25 Jugular eagle syndrome as a rare cause of cerebral venous sinus thrombosis: A case report and treatment considerations. 4. Cerebral Venous Disorders – 4.1 Cerebral Venous Sinus Thrombosis, A151–A152. https://doi.org/10.1136/jnis-2025-ESMINT.217

• Hashemizad, A., Dela Cruz, J., Narayan, A., & Maxwell, A. J. (2025). Hyperventilation during rest and exercise in orthostatic intolerance and Spiky-Leaky Syndrome. Frontiers in Neurology, 16, 1512671. https://doi.org/10.3389/fneur.2025.1512671

• Hepworth, E. J., Love, A. V., & Hartford, R. L. (2021). Intracranial hypertension secondary to venous outflow obstruction. Journal of Neurological Surgery Part B: Skull Base, 82(S 02), OD068. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0041-1725347

• Higgins, J., Garnett, M., Pickard, J., & Axon, P. (2016). An evaluation of styloidectomy as an adjunct or alternative to jugular stenting in idiopathic intracranial hypertension and disturbances of cranial venous outflow. Journal of Neurological Surgery Part B: Skull Base, 78(02), 158–163. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0036-1594238

• Higgins, J. N., Axon, P. R., & Macfarlane, R. (2020). Spontaneous intracranial hypotension complicated by subdural effusions treated by surgical relief of cranial venous outflow obstruction. Journal of Neurological Surgery Reports, 81(04), e59–e65. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0040-1722268

• Higgins, J. N. P., Axon, P. R., & Lever, A. M. L. (2023). Life changing response to successive surgical interventions on cranial venous outflow: A case report on chronic fatigue syndrome. Frontiers in Neurology, 14, 1127702. https://doi.org/10.3389/fneur.2023.1127702

• Higgins, J. N. P., & Kirker, S. (2023). Case report: Post-traumatic Tourette syndrome resolving with treatment of jugular venous narrowing; reconciling organic brain dysfunction following whiplash trauma with the absence of direct brain injury. Frontiers in Neurology, 14, 1179596. https://doi.org/10.3389/fneur.2023.1179596

• Higgins, N., Pickard, J., & Lever, A. (2015). Borderline intracranial hypertension manifesting as chronic fatigue syndrome treated by venous sinus stenting. Journal of Neurological Surgery Reports, 76(02), e244–e247. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0035-1564060

• Higgins, N., Trivedi, R., Greenwood, R., & Pickard, J. (2015). Brain slump caused by jugular venous stenoses treated by stenting: A hypothesis to link spontaneous intracranial hypotension with idiopathic intracranial hypertension. Journal of Neurological Surgery Reports, 76(01), e188–e193. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0035-1555015

• Hlubek, R., Yashar, M., Kalani, S., Levitt, M., Albuquerque, F., & Nakaji, P. (2016). Microsurgical treatment of styloidogenic jugular venous compression syndrome. Journal of Neurological Surgery Part B: Skull Base, 77(S 01), s-0036-1579950. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0036-1579950

• Ho, S., Luginbuhl, A., Finden, S., Curry, J. M., & Cognetti, D. M. (2015). Styloid/C1 transverse process juxtaposition as a cause of eagle’s syndrome: Possible cause of eagle’s syndrome. Head & Neck, 37(11), E153–E156. https://doi.org/10.1002/hed.24024

• Hyer, S. L., Dandekar, P., Newbold, K., Haq, M., Wechalakar, K., & Harmer, C. (2008). Thyroid cancer causing obstruction of the great veins in the neck. World Journal of Surgical Oncology, 6(1), 36. https://doi.org/10.1186/1477-7819-6-36

• Inam, M. E., Martinez-Gutierrez, J. C., Kole, M. J., Sanchez, F., Lekka, E., Truong, V. T. T., Lopez-Rivera, V., Sheriff, F. G., Zima, L. A., Pedroza, C., Tang, R., Adesina, O.-O., Engstrom, A., Sheth, S. A., & Chen, P. R. (2022). Venous sinus stenting for low pressure gradient stenoses in idiopathic intracranial hypertension. Neurosurgery, 91(5), 734–740. https://doi.org/10.1227/neu.0000000000002095

• Inci, S., Bertan, V., Kansu, T., & Cila, A. (1995). Horner’s syndrome due to jugular venous ectasia. Child’s Nervous System, 11(9), 533–535. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00822844

• Iyer, A. M., Midtlien, J. P., Kittel, C., Klever, L. A., Wiater, A., Chang, E., Margraf, C., & Fargen, K. M. (2025). The correlation between intracranial pressure and venous sinus pressures changes after venous sinus stenting. Journal of NeuroInterventional Surgery, 17(12), 1347–1353. https://doi.org/10.1136/jnis-2024-022250

• Jayaraman, M. V., Boxerman, J. L., Davis, L. M., Haas, R. A., & Rogg, J. M. (2012). Incidence of extrinsic compression of the internal jugular vein in unselected patients undergoing CT angiography. American Journal of Neuroradiology, 33(7), 1247–1250. https://doi.org/10.3174/ajnr.A2953

• Jost, G. F., & Dailey, A. T. (2015). Bow hunter’s syndrome revisited: 2 new cases and literature review of 124 cases. Neurosurgical Focus, 38(4), E7. https://doi.org/10.3171/2015.1.FOCUS14791

• Kee, T. P., & Krings, T. (2026). Glymphatics in neurovascular diseases. Journal of NeuroInterventional Surgery, 18(5), 1428–1434. https://doi.org/10.1136/jnis-2025-023713

• Kinsara, R., Kapadia, A., & Meng, H. (2026). Is headache always necessary for the diagnosis of rebound intracranial hypertension in patients successfully treated for cerebrospinal fluid venous fistula? Headache: The Journal of Head and Face Pain, 66(6), 1386–1389. https://doi.org/10.1111/head.70088

• Kostecki, J., & Zaniewski, M. (2016). The hemodynamics of blood flow through the internal jugular veins after CCSVI endovascular treatment and its impact on the quality of life in patients with chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency. Brain Disorders & Therapy, 05(03). https://doi.org/10.4172/2168-975X.1000219

• Kosugi, K., Yamada, Y., Yamada, M., Yokoyama, Y., Fujiwara, H., Yoshida, K., Yoshida, K., Toda, M., & Jinzaki, M. (2020). Posture-induced changes in the vessels of the head and neck: Evaluation using conventional supine CT and upright CT. Scientific Reports, 10(1), 16623. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-73658-0

• Kuhn, A., Singh, J., Massari, F., & Puri, A. (2022). E-117 Demographics, imaging findings, and diagnosis in patients with (post)coital headaches. SNIS 19th Annual Meeting Electronic Poster Abstracts, A140.1-A140. https://doi.org/10.1136/neurintsurg-2022-SNIS.228

• Lan, D., Song, S., Jia, M., Wang, M., Jiao, B., Liu, Y., Ding, Y., Ji, X., & Meng, R. (2022). Cerebral venous-associated brain damage may lead to anxiety and depression. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 11(23), 6927. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm11236927

• Larsen, K. (n.d.). Jugular outlet syndrome (JOS), a common sequela of chronic upper cervical dysfunction.

• Li, M., Gao, X., Rajah, G. B., Liang, J., Chen, J., Yan, F., Bao, Y., Jiao, L., Zhang, H., Ding, Y., Ji, X., & Meng, R. (2019). Styloidectomy and venous stenting for treatment of styloid-induced internal jugular vein stenosis: A case report and literature review. World Neurosurgery, 130, 129–132. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wneu.2019.06.100

• Li, M., Sun, Y., Chan, C. C., Fan, C., Ji, X., & Meng, R. (2019). Internal jugular vein stenosis associated with elongated styloid process: Five case reports and literature review. BMC Neurology, 19(1), 112. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12883-019-1344-0

• Longley, D. G., Finlay, D. E., & Letourneau, J. G. (1993). Sonography of the upper extremity and jugular veins. American Journal of Roentgenology, 160(5), 957–962. https://doi.org/10.2214/ajr.160.5.8470610

• Malagoni, A. M., Galeotti, R., Menegatti, E., Manfredini, F., Basaglia, N., Salvi, F., & Zamboni, P. (n.d.). Is chronic fatigue the symptom of venous insufficiency associated with multiple sclerosis? A longitudinal pilot study.

• Margraf, C. R., Hui, F. K., Midtlien, J. P., Wiater, A. H., Kittel, C. A., Ehrig, M. R., Hirshman, A. P., Siddiqui, A. H., & Fargen, K. M. (2026). Intracranial pressure is affected by head rotation: Effect of dynamic jugular stenosis on lumbar puncture opening pressure. Journal of NeuroInterventional Surgery, 18(4), 1170–1175. https://doi.org/10.1136/jnis-2025-023516

• Marina, N., Christie, I. N., Korsak, A., Doronin, M., Brazhe, A., Hosford, P. S., Wells, J. A., Sheikhbahaei, S., Humoud, I., Paton, J. F. R., Lythgoe, M. F., Semyanov, A., Kasparov, S., & Gourine, A. V. (2020). Astrocytes monitor cerebral perfusion and control systemic circulation to maintain brain blood flow. Nature Communications, 11(1), 131. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-13956-

• Maurer, R. (2020). Intracranial venous sinus stenting improves headaches and cognitive dysfunction associated with ehlers-danlos syndrome type III. Biomedical Journal of Scientific & Technical Research, 26(4). https://doi.org/10.26717/BJSTR.2020.26.004374

• Maxwell, A. J., & Wardly, D. (2024). The complex path to intracranial hypertension and CSF leak in those with hypermobility and dysautonomia; the theory of spiky-leaky syndrome. MAR Pediatrics, 05(03), 86.

• Midtlien, J. P., Curry, B. P., Chang, E., Kiritsis, N. R., Aldridge, J. B., & Fargen, K. M. (2024). Characterizing a new clinical phenotype: The co-existence of cerebral venous outflow and connective tissue disorders. Frontiers in Neurology, 14, 1305972. https://doi.org/10.3389/fneur.2023.1305972

• Miyamoto, S., Hidaka, T., Fukuoka, O., Fujisawa, K., & Okazaki, M. (2023). Internal jugular vein reconstruction using a triple-paneled great saphenous vein graft. World Journal of Surgical Oncology, 21(1), 10. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12957-023-02902-4

• Mohammed, N. Y., Di Domenico, G., & Gambaccini, M. (2019). Cerebral venous drainage through internal jugular vein. Veins and Lymphatics, 8(3). https://doi.org/10.4081/vl.2019.8379

• Monagle, P., Cuello, C. A., Augustine, C., Bonduel, M., Brandao, L. R., Capman, T., Chan, A. K. C., Hanson, S., Male, C., Meerpohl, J., Newall, F., O’Brien, S. H., Raffini, L., van Ommen, H., Wiernikowski, J., Williams, S., Bhatt, M., Riva, J. J., Roldan, Y., … Vesely, S. K. (2018). American Society of Hematology 2018 Guidelines for management of venous thromboembolism: Treatment of pediatric venous thromboembolism. Blood Advances, 2(22), 3292–3316. https://doi.org/10.1182/bloodadvances.2018024786

• Nicholson, P., Brinjikji, W., Radovanovic, I., Hilditch, C. A., Tsang, A. C. O., Krings, T., Mendes Pereira, V., & Lenck, S. (2019). Venous sinus stenting for idiopathic intracranial hypertension: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of NeuroInterventional Surgery, 11(4), 380–385. https://doi.org/10.1136/neurintsurg-2018-014172

  Objective measurements of IJV compression at C1. (n.d.).

• P. Higgins, J. N., & Pickard, J. D. (2021). A paradigm for chronic fatigue syndrome: Caught between idiopathic intracranial hypertension and spontaneous intracranial hypotension; caused by cranial venous outflow obstruction. Fatigue: Biomedicine, Health & Behavior, 9(3), 139–147. https://doi.org/10.1080/21641846.2021.1956223

• Pang, S., Kolarich, A. R., Brinjikji, W., Nakaji, P., Hepworth, E., & Hui, F. (2022). Interventional and surgical management of internal jugular venous stenosis: A narrative review. Journal of NeuroInterventional Surgery, 14(5), 503–507. https://doi.org/10.1136/neurintsurg-2021-017937

• Permpalung, N., Suksaranjit, P., Chongnarungsin, D., & Hyman, C. (2014). Unveiling the hidden eagle: Acute parotitis-induced eagle syndrome. North American Journal of Medical Sciences, 6(2), 102. https://doi.org/10.4103/1947-2714.127753

• Pescarini, E., Butler, D. P., Perusseau-Lambert, A., Nduka, C., & Kannan, R. Y. (2021). Targeted chemodenervation of the posterior belly of the digastric muscle for the management of jaw discomfort in facial synkinesis. Journal of Plastic, Reconstructive & Aesthetic Surgery, 74(12), 3437–3442. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bjps.2021.05.045

• Pokeerbux, M. R., Delmaire, C., Morell-dubois, S., Demondion, X., & Lambert, M. (2020). Styloidogenic compression of the internal jugular vein, a new venous entrapment syndrome? Vascular Medicine, 25(4), 378–380. https://doi.org/10.1177/1358863X20902842

• Primiani, C. T., Lawton, M., Hillis, A. E., & Hui, F. K. (2022). Pearls & oy-sters: Cerebral venous congestion associated with cognitive decline treated by jugular release. Neurology, 99(13), 577–580. https://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.0000000000201037

• Samaniego, E. A., Abrams, K. J., Dabus, G., Starr, R., & Linfante, I. (2013). Severe venous congestive encephalopathy secondary to a dialysis arteriovenous graft. Journal of NeuroInterventional Surgery, 5(5), e37–e37. https://doi.org/10.1136/neurintsurg-2012-010355

• Sankala, H. A., & Hashim, H. (2021). Intracranial calcification in venous congestion. Egyptian Journal of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, 52(1), 181. https://doi.org/10.1186/s43055-021-00564-4

• Saposnik, G., Bushnell, C., Coutinho, J. M., Field, T. S., Furie, K. L., Galadanci, N., Kam, W., Kirkham, F. C., McNair, N. D., Singhal, A. B., Thijs, V., & Yang, V. X. D. (2024). Diagnosis and Management of Cerebral Venous Thrombosis: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association. Stroke, 55(3), E77–E90. https://doi.org/10.1161/STR.0000000000000456

• Scerrati, A., Norri, N., Mongardi, L., Dones, F., Ricciardi, L., Trevisi, G., Menegatti, E., Zamboni, P., Cavallo, M. A., & De Bonis, P. (2021). Styloidogenic-cervical spondylotic internal jugular venous compression, a vascular disease related to several clinical neurological manifestations: Diagnosis and treatment—a comprehensive literature review. Annals of Translational Medicine, 9(8), 718–718. https://doi.org/10.21037/atm-20-7698

• Schartz, D., Finkelstein, A., Akkipeddi, S. M. K., Kessler, A., Williams, Z., Vates, E., Hauck, E. F., Fargen, K. M., & Bender, M. T. (2025). Total brain volume is associated with severity of transverse sinus stenosis in idiopathic intracranial hypertension. Journal of NeuroInterventional Surgery, 17(7), 764–768. https://doi.org/10.1136/jnis-2024-021938

• Seoane, E., & Rhoton, A. L. (1999). Compression of the internal jugular vein by the transverse process of the atlas as the cause of cerebellar hemorrhage after supratentorial craniotomy. Surgical Neurology, 51(5), 500–505. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0090-3019(97)00476-X

• Simka, M., Latacz, P., & Redelbach, W. (2020). Cerebral venous outflow in the prone position. Child’s Nervous System, 36(1), 11–12. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00381-019-04321-x

• Society of Vascular and Interventional Neurology. (2026, September 23). CSF masterclass: A monthly online course by the

• Society of Vascular and Interventional Neurology. CSF Masterclass: A Monthly Online Course by the Society of Vascular and Interventional Neurology. https://www.svin.org/i4a/pages/index.cfm?pageid=3767

• Sørensen, H. T., Darvalics, B., Horváth-Puhó, E., Hjorth, C. F., Sundbøll, J., & Bøtker, H. E. (2026). Venous thromboembolism and suicide: A Danish nationwide case-control study. Journal of Thrombosis and Haemostasis, 0(0). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtha.2026.09.016

• Spagnolo, S. (2018). The role of chronic superior caval syndrome and stenosis of jugular veins in neurodegenerative diseases. Surgical treatment and preliminary results. Journal of Clinical & Experimental Cardiology, 09. https://doi.org/10.4172/2155-9880-C5-100

• Spagnolo, S., Barbato, L., Grasso, M. A., Bavera, P. M., Carroz Zo, A., Vardanyan, R., Rad, A. A., & Spagnolo, P. (2020). The chronic stenosis of the internal jugular veins as a cause of multiple sclerosis. Journal of Cardiology Research Review & Reports, 1(1), 1. https://doi.org/10.47363/JCRRR/2020(1)106

• Spencer, E. B., Elhage Hassan, M., Saikia, J., Ajeya, D., Phillips, R., Steinberg, R. S., Abojaib, L., Bortfeld, K., Thadani, S., Bernstein, A., McGeoch, C., Davis, B., Garcia, M., Almuwaqqat, Z., Gilliland, C., & Cutchins, A. (2026). Association and post-iliac vein stenting symptom improvement of postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome and orthostatic intolerance with pelvic venous disorders: Two retrospective studies. eClinicalMedicine, 92, 103772. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eclinm.2026.103772

• Suri, A. E., Torigoe, T. H., Young, C. M., Johnson, M., & Hepworth, E. J. (2026). Venous outflow and quality of life improvement after styloidectomy and jugular venous decompression. Neurosurgical Focus, 60(1), E19. https://doi.org/10.3171/2025.10.FOCUS25844

• The Promise, Mystery, and Perils of Stenting for...: Neurosurgery. (n.d.). Ovid. https://doi.org/10.1227/neu.0000000000002891

• Townsend, R. K., Jost, A., Amans, M. R., Hui, F., Bender, M. T., Satti, S. R., Maurer, R., Liu, K., Brinjikji, W., & Fargen, K. M. (2022). Major complications of dural venous sinus stenting for idiopathic intracranial hypertension: Case series and management considerations. Journal of NeuroInterventional Surgery, 14(1), neurintsurg-2021-017361. https://doi.org/10.1136/neurintsurg-2021-017361

• Tschoe, C., Garner, R. M., Kittel, C., Traunero, J. R., Wolfe, S. Q., & Fargen, K. M. (2020). Changes in mean arterial pressure and end-tidal carbon dioxide content affect venous sinus pressures in patients with idiopathic intracranial hypertension: A randomized study. Journal of NeuroInterventional Surgery, 12(9), 906–910. https://doi.org/10.1136/neurintsurg-2019-015741

• Waldock, W. J., Higgins, N. J., & Axon, P. (2020). A case report of gastroparesis resolved by styloidectomy. Otolaryngology Case Reports, 16, 100201. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.xocr.2020.100201

• Wang, M., Wu, X., Lan, D., Zhou, D., Ding, Y., Ji, X., & Meng, R. (2022). Differentiation between anatomical slenderness and acquired stenosis of the internal jugular veins. CNS Neuroscience & Therapeutics, 28(11), 1849–1860. https://doi.org/10.1111/cns.13924

• Wang, Z., Ding, J., Bai, C., Ding, Y., Ji, X., & Meng, R. (2020). Clinical classification and collateral circulation in chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency. Frontiers in Neurology, 11, 913. https://doi.org/10.3389/fneur.2020.00913

• Wei, H., Jiang, H., Zhou, Y., Xiao, X., Zhou, C., & Ji, X. (2023). Cerebral venous congestion alters brain metabolite profiles, impairing cognitive function. Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism, 43(11), 1857–1872. https://doi.org/10.1177/0271678X231182244

• West, J. L., Greeneway, G. P., Garner, R. M., Aschenbrenner, C. A., Singh, J., Wolfe, S. Q., & Fargen, K. M. (2019). Correlation between angiographic stenosis and physiologic venous sinus outflow obstruction in idiopathic intracranial hypertension. Journal of NeuroInterventional Surgery, 11(1), 90–94. https://doi.org/10.1136/neurintsurg-2018-014004

• Westbrook, A. M., Kabbaz, V. J., & Showalter, C. R. (2020). Eagle’s syndrome, elongated styloid process and new evidence for pre-manipulative precautions for potential cervical arterial dysfunction. Musculoskeletal Science and Practice, 50, 102219. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msksp.2020.102219

• Wu, X., Ding, Y., Ji, X., & Meng, R. (2022). Jugular foramen and venous collaterals may help to discriminate congenital from post-thrombotic jugular stenosis. European Journal of Medical Research, 27(1), 10. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40001-022-00636-9

• Yang, Y., Jia, H., & Liu, H. (2026). Cerebrospinal fluid dynamics and brain function regulation: From homeostasis to neurological disorders. Frontiers in Neuroscience, 20. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2026.1775240

• Yeoh, T. Y., Venkatraghavan, L., Fisher, J. A., & Meineri, M. (2017). Internal jugular vein blood flow in the upright position during external compression and increased central venous pressure: An ultrasound study in healthy volunteers. Canadian Journal of Anesthesia/Journal Canadien d’anesthésie, 64(8), 854–859. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12630-017-0903-3

• Zamboni, P., Scerrati, A., Menegatti, E., Galeotti, R., Lapparelli, M., Traina, L., Tessari, M., Ciorba, A., De Bonis, P., & Pelucchi, S. (2019). The eagle jugular syndrome. BMC Neurology, 19(1), 333. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12883-019-1572-3

• Zaniewski, M., & Simka, M. (2012). Biophysics of venous return from the brain from the perspective of the pathophysiology of chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency. Reviews on Recent Clinical Trials, 7(2), 88–92. https://doi.org/10.2174/157488712800100288

• Zeng, X., Wang, Y., & Liu, L. (2025). Novel insights into the pathophysiology of idiopathic intracranial hypertension: A commentary on brain volume and transverse sinus stenosis. Journal of NeuroInterventional Surgery, 17(6), e8–e8. https://doi.org/10.1136/jnis-2024-022817

• Zhao, X., Cavallo, C., Hlubek, R. J., Mooney, M. A., Belykh, E., Gandhi, S., Moreira, L. B., Lei, T., Albuquerque, F. C., Preul, M. C., & Nakaji, P. (2019). Styloidogenic jugular venous compression syndrome: Clinical features and case series. Operative Neurosurgery, 17(6), 554–561. https://doi.org/10.1093/ons/opz012

• Zhou, D., Ding, J., Ya, J., Pan, L., Yan, F., Yang, Q., Ding, Y., Ji, X., & Meng, R. (2018). Understanding jugular venous outflow disturbance. CNS Neuroscience & Therapeutics, 24(6), 473–482. https://doi.org/10.1111/cns.12859

• Zhou, D., Meng, R., Zhang, X., Guo, L., Li, S., Wu, W., Duan, J., Song, H., Ding, Y., & Ji, X. (2018). Intracranial hypertension induced by internal jugular vein stenosis can be resolved by stenting. European Journal of Neurology, 25(2), 365. https://doi.org/10.1111/ene.13512

• Zivadinov, R., & Chung, C.-P. (2013). Potential involvement of the extracranial venous system in central nervous system disorders and aging. BMC Medicine, 11(1), 260. https://doi.org/10.1186/1741-7015-11-260

"We walk with you."

~Our Neuro Network

Contact

Subscribe to newsletter

E-mail: connect@ourneuronetwork.org

Telehealth Phone: 808-295-4021

Telehealth Fax: 808-666-9212

Coaching and Consulting Phone: 307-335-4968

Coaching and Consulting Fax: 307-312-3277

Medical and Legal Disclaimer: The information provided on this website is for educational and informational purposes only. It is not a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Do not disregard or delay seeking medical care because of content you have read here.

Always consult your licensed healthcare provider or qualified medical team before making any healthcare decisions, starting or stopping medications, or implementing any lifestyle, nutritional, or therapeutic interventions.

Use of this site and its content is at your own discretion and risk. No patient-provider relationship is established by viewing or interacting with this website or its associated social media, podcasts, or communications. If you are experiencing a medical emergency, call 911 or go to your nearest emergency department.

While every effort is made to ensure accuracy and currency, Our Neuro Network and its affiliates make no representations or warranties of any kind, express or implied, regarding completeness, accuracy, reliability, suitability, or availability of any information, products, or services mentioned herein.

By using this website, you agree that Our Neuro Network, its owner(s), affiliates, and representatives are not liable for any direct or indirect damages or consequences arising from your use of this content.

© 2025 Our Neuro Network | All Rights Reserved | Privacy Policy | Terms of Use

HONOR. HOMEOSTASIS. HOPE.